PROGRAMMING

FUNDAMENTALS
Ms. Madiha Rehman
Program Development Stages
 A Program is written to solve a problem. Thus it is necessary to break down the process of
development.

I. Define & Analyze the Problem

II. Design the algorithm
III. Code or Write the Program
IV. Testing Program
V. Final Documentation
 Programming Techniques
I. Structured Programming
II. Object Oriented Programming
III. Event Driven Programming
IV. Visual Programming
 Structured Programming
 “A Programming technique in which a program is divided in to small units called modules or
subprograms”
 Each Module consists of different instructions to solve a particular task.
 Structured Programming focuses on Logic & Action

 There exists 4 types of instructions in Structured Programming

 Sequential Structure
 Conditional Structure i.e., if-else structure
 Iterative Structure i.e., Loops
 Function Call
 Object Oriented Programming
 “A Programming technique in which Programs are written on the basis of objects”
 An object is a collection of data & functions.
 Simula was the first language to incorporate OO approach.
 Examples of OOP Languages are Java, Python, C++, Visual basic.net & Ruby.
Event Driven Programming
 Event driven Programming is a programming technique in which statements are executed in response
to an event.
 For example: Click a mouse button or right click on desktop
 Event Driven Programming technique is used with Visual development environments.
 Visual Programming
 Visual Programming is used to provide a user friendly interface for interacting with the program.
 Different objects like windows, menu's, buttons and list boxes etc. are provided to develop GUI.
 History of C++

 Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Laboratries in 1980.

 First commercial release was in Oct,1985.
 Original name was ‘C with Classes’.
 It’s a Compiled Language, i.e., C++ code compiles directly into machine code, making it one of the
fastest languages in the world.
Features of C++
Main features C++ provides are as follows:
 Convenient
 Case Sensitive
 Well Structured
 Machine independence
 Object Oriented
 Modular Programming
 Standard Libraries
 Hardware Control
 Speed
 C Compatibility