DIFFERENT

PERSPECTIVE IN THE
EXPLANATION OF SELF
 DAVID HUME
• A Scottish Philosopher
• suggested that if people carefully
examine their sense of experience
through the process of introspection,
they will discover that there is no self.
• opponent of Descartes’ Rationalism.
Rationalism is a theory that reason,
rather than experience, is the foundation
of all knowledge.
“All knowledge
derived from human
senses.”
 DAVID HUME
• one of the figureheads of the influential
British Empiricism movement. Empiricism
is the idea that the origin of all
knowledge is experience
• identified with the Bundle Theorywherein
he described the “self” or person (which
Hume assumed to be “mind”) as a bundle
or collection of different perceptions that
are moving in a very fast manner.
“All knowledge
derived from human
senses.”
 DAVID HUME
• Hume divided the mind’s perceptions into
two groups:
• 1) Impressions. Perceptions that are the
most strong. These are directly experienced;
they result from inward and outward
sentiments.
• 2) Ideas. The less lively counterparts of
impressions. These are mechanisms that
copy and reproduce sense data formulated
based upon the previously perceived
“All knowledge impressions.
derived from human
senses.”
 IMMANUEL
KANT
• A German philosopher Immanuel Kant,
it is the self that makes experiencing an
intelligible world possible because it is
the self that is actively organizing and
synthesizing all of our thoughts and
perceptions
• Kant’s view of the “self” is
transcendental, which means the “self”
is related to spiritual or nonphysical
realm. For Kant, the self is not in the
body. The self is outside the body, and
it does not have qualities of the body.
“REASON is the final authority of He proposed that it is knowledge that
morality. Morality is achieved only bridges the “self” and the material
when there is absence of was because
of the result of enlightenment.” things together
 IMMANUEL
KANT
• Two kinds of consciousness of self
(rationality):
1) Consciousness of oneself
and one’s psychological states in
inner sense, and
2) Consciousness of oneself
and one’s states by performing acts
of appreciation.

“REASON is the final authority of

morality. Morality is achieved only
when there is absence of was because
of the result of enlightenment.”
 SIGMUND FREUD
• an Austrian neurologist who became known as
the founding father of psychoanalysis.
• Sigmund Freud developed the best-known
theory of personality focused upon internal
growth or psychodynamics’.
• The theory stresses the influence of
unconscious fears, desires and motivation on
thoughts and behavior.
• Sigmund psychoanalysis became both a theory
of personality and a method of psychotherapy.
Psychoanalytic theory has three major parts: A
“Wish fulfillment is theory of the structure of personality, in which
the road to the id, ego and superego are the principal parts.
unconscious”
 SIGMUND FREUD
• Structure of personality: Freud
thought of personality as being
based upon a structure of three
parts: the id, the ego and the
superego.
• ID – Pleasure
• EGO – Reality
• SUPEREGO – For perfection/ideal
“Wish fulfillment is
the road to
unconscious”
Psychoanalytic
Model
ID (primitive, instinctive component of personality) –
Latin word of Id is ‘It’ Id is the original source of
personality, which is present in a newborn.
• The Id, the most primitive part, can be thought of as a sort of
storehouse of biologically based urges: to eat, drink, eliminate, and
especially, to be sexually stimulated.
• The sexual energy that underlies these urges is called the libido.
• It is present in the deepest level of the unconscious and represents
the inner world of subjective experience.
• It is unconcerned with objective reality and is unaffected by the
environment Id is completely selfish; concerned with immediate
gratification of instinctual needs, and the biological drives, like hunger,
sex.
Ego (the decision-making component) – The
Latin word of ego is ‘I’ which means ‘self’.
• The ego acts as a mediator or balance between the demands of Id and
superego.
• Ego is based on the Reality Principle.
• Ego delays the discharge of tension.
• It postponed the desires.
• This adaptive measure of Ego is refereed as secondary process thinking.
Process Thinking – Ego waits for the right moment for the satisfaction of
desire, whereas id satisfies desires immediately. Ego develops from Id and
works for Id. Ego is an executive, which mediate between the demands of
id and realities of world and demands of super ego
Functions of Ego
• Control and regulation of instinctual derives.
• Relation to reality
• Sense of reality o Reality testing
• Adaptation to reality
• Primary autonomous function
• Perception
• Thinking
• Speaking
• IQ
• Memory
Superego (the moral component)– It is ideal
rather than real.
• The superego is that part of personality that represents internalized
value, ideals and moral attitude of society.
• It is outgrowth of learning the taboos and moral values of society.
• It is refer to conscience and is concerned with right and wrong.
• It inhabits the ID desires.
• Sex and aggressive superego operates through the ego system and
compel the ego to inhibit desires that are considering wrong or
immoral.
• Its psychiatric function is expresses as guilt, self-criticism and
consciences.
Rewarding functions
Ego ideal- superego develops with Oedipus complex
• It strives for perfection.
• It is society himself.
• It is extreme of Id and it is for self preservation by society norms.
• Consciences: negative part of superego.  It is developed by
punishment, lack of reward, conditioning of childhood brings
conscience.
• It gives guilt and self-criticism.
• Child takes or interjects the moral standards of parents.