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Chapter1 Integration
Chapter1 Integration
Chapter 1: INTEGRATION
Department of Mathematics, FPT University
Contents
1.1 Approximating Areas
1.2 The Define Integral
1.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
1.4 Integration Formulas and
the Net Change Theorem
1.5 Substitution
INTEGRATION
1.1
Approximating Areas
R4
1
4 4
1 2
1
4 2
1 2
1
4 4
3 2
1
1
4
2
15
32
0.46875
AREA PROBLEM Example 1
L4 0
1
4
2 1
4 4
1 2
1
4 2
1 2
1
4 4
3 2
7
32
0.21875
AREA PROBLEM Example 1
Thus,
2 2 2 2
11 12 13 1n
Rn ...
nn nn nn nn
1 2
3 (1 22 32 ... n 2 )
n
A lim Rn lim Ln 13
n n
AREA PROBLEM
Let’s apply the idea of Examples 1 and 2
to the more general region S of the earlier figure.
AREA PROBLEM
What we think of intuitively as the area of S is
approximated by the sum of the areas of these
rectangles:
Rn = f(x1) ∆x + f(x2) ∆x + … + f(xn) ∆x
ba
x
n
AREA PROBLEM
The area A of the region S that lies under the graph of the
continuous function f is the limit of the sum of the areas of
approximating rectangles:
A lim Rn
n
A lim Ln
n
xi* in the i th
subinterval [xi - 1, xi]
(the sample points)
The sum n
f ( x *)x
i 1
i
1.2
The Definite Integral
ba
where x and xi a i x
n
EVALUATING INTEGRALS
The following three equations give formulas for sums
of powers of positive integers.
n
n(n 1)
i 1
i
2
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
i
i 1
2
6
2
n
n(n 1)
i
i 1
3
2
PROPERTIES OF THE INTEGRAL
b
1. c dx c(b a ), where c is any constant
a
f ( x) g ( x) dx
b b b
2. f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
a a a
b b
3. c f ( x) dx c f ( x) dx, where c is any constant
a a
f ( x) g ( x) dx
b b b
4. f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
a a a
COMPARISON PROPERTIES OF THE INTEGRAL
b
6. If f ( x) 0 for a x b, then f ( x) dx 0
a
b b
7. If f ( x) g ( x) for a x b, then f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
a a
8. If m f ( x) M for a x b, then
b
m(b a ) f ( x) dx M (b a )
a
AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
The geometric interpretation of the Mean Value
Theorem for Integrals is as follows.
For ‘positive’ functions f, there is a number c such that
the rectangle with base [a, b] and height f(c) has the
same area as the region under the graph of f from a to
b.
AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
that is,
Example
1.3
The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
d u( x)
dx v ( x )
f (t )dt u '( x) f (u ( x)) v '( x) f (v( x))
Example
If x2
g ( x) (t 2 t )dt ,1 x
1
Find g’(x)
x2
g ( x) (t 2 t )dt
1
1.4
Integration Formulas and
the Net Change Theorem
In this section, we will learn about:
Integrals with limits that represent
a definite quantity.
NET CHANGE THEOREM
So,
So,
Therefore,
NET CHANGE THEOREM
So,
Note that
v(t) = t2 – t – 6 = (t – 3)(t + 2)
Thus,
v(t) ≤ 0 on the interval [1, 3] and v(t) ≥ 0 on [3, 4]
NET CHANGE THEOREM Example b
This Theorem is
illustrated here.
INTEGRATION
1.5
Substitution
∫
An indefinite integral f(x)dx is a function
(or family of functions).
TABLE OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
cf ( x) dx c f ( x) dx [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
n 1
x
k dx kx C dx n 1 C (n 1)
n
x
∫ f(g(x))g’(x) dx = ∫ f(u) du
INTRODUCTION Equation 1
Find ∫ x3 cos(x4 + 2) dx
4 du cos udu
3 4
x cos( x 2) dx cos u 1 1
4
14 sin u C
sin( x 2) C
1
4
4
Evaluate
Let u = 3 – 5x.
Let F be an antiderivative of f.
Then, F(g(x)) is an antiderivative of f(g(x))g’(x).
So,
Thanks