COMPUTER

NETWORK
S AND THE
INTERNET
 Computer networks today are all around us,
ON THE EDGE especially because of the Internet and the World
OF THE Wide Web or WWW. The WWW has enabled
computers across the globe with access to the
NETWORK Internet to exchange information for personal,
academic, business and other purposes
 ON THE EDGE
OF THE
NETWORK
•Roots of computer networks can be traced
back to telephone networks in the 1960s. The
US military funded researches across a handful
of universities to develop networks that would
connect their computers. Many other private
and public networks followed, but such
networks were still islands of disconnected
networks. It was not until 1974 when Vinton
Cerf and Robert Kahn suggested internetting or
internetworking - which is a network of
networks are now more popularly known as
the Internet - that it became a reality.
The term computer network may seem outdated as not only
computers connect to networks now, perhaps through a wired or
wireless connection, but also devices such as smartphones,
tablets, TV’s, refrigerators, eyeglasses, watches, traffic control,
security systems and more

The term computer Network came into being which is still useful to
this day. In computer network jargon, these devices are known as
host or end systems: they are called hosts since they host or run
applications such as e-mail applications, web servers, web
browsers. They are called end systems because they are found at
the edge or end of networks including the Internet.
Communication between two hosts in a computer network - the
green squares are packets, the red circles are packet switches, and
the orange lines are communication links
Packets sent by a host are
received by a packet
switching between. These
are various shapes and
sizes for packet switches
but one of the most
prominent type is the
router. A router receives
and sends packets to their
destinations using the
information in the
packets. The series of
communication links and
switches that are
traversed by a packet is
the route or path of the
packet in the network.
Packet switching
Computer networks route their traffic through packet switching hence at
times packet - switched network is the term used interchangeably with
computer networks. A good analogy for packet switch networks is their
similarity to transportation networks for vehicles in roads and intersections.
For example, a warehouse of a company with a large number of products
wants to move their products to a distant warehouse the company will use
several trucks to load their products this tracks can move independently
possibly through different rules intersections and at any time of day. At the
destination warehouse, the products are unloaded from the trucks. Hence
warehouse are like hosts or end systems, trucks are like packets for the host
data (the products) roads or highways are like communication links and
intersections are like packet switches
Example “pieces of the
Internet”
Network Protocols
Lastly, one might ask how are packets routed from one country to another,
with the countries possibly having different languages, network
configurations and so on? As in all computer - related technologies, the
answer is that manufacturers follow standards or protocols for the Internet
Protocol (or IP in short). In addition, the end systems follow two main
protocols the transmission control protocol or TCP and user diagram
protocol or UDP. TCP is mainly for applications such as the WWW, email,
remote desktop environments, and file transfers. Many of these
applications require error checking and for host to remember their states
(for example if communication has started or ended). UDP is mainly for
applications when no error checking or state persistence is involved, such as
for real - time or pre-recorded voice music or video content.
Types of Network Access
Home Access
Broadband refers to internet access that is always on unlike dial up
connections in the past where one has to literally dial up to connect to the
network. At the moment the two most common types of broadband
residential access are digital subscriber line or DSL and cable
DSL Is typically used in conjunction with the telephone line of a telephone
company or telco. Both data and telephone signals use the same line or
communication link. Data and telephone signals do not interfere with each
other because both are transmitted at the different frequencies. DSL
supports various transmission rates for download rate and upload rate. The
download and upload rate are not equal, hence the term asymmetric DSL or
ADSL
Home Access
Cable internet as the name implies, makes use of the links and
infrastructure of a cable television company. As with DSL, cable internet
access is always asymmetric.
Enterprise, office (and also home) access
LAN is used to connect hosts. LAN is becoming more common also in
residential settings as more than one host or internet connected device is
found in many homes.
Ethernet is the most common type of LAN technology in corporate,
academic and home settings. Also increasing in use is wireless LAN or WLAN
where hosts such as laptops and smartphones connect to access points like
routers. Routers are then connected by cables to the wired LAN or Internet
although many routers now are also wireless.
Wide – area
wireless access.
Since Android and iOS devices are
becoming more prevalent, such as in our
smartphones, tablets, watches, speakers
and so on, the use of wider wireless access
networks is increasing also. Users
consume, create and share photos, videos,
music, geographic locations and more
while they are traveling in or out of the
city. In these cases, the access network of
choice is usually the same network for our
cellular phones: Packets are sent to and
received from cellular network providers
with their base stations and towers. unlike
WLAN, such networks can allow access to
users within 10s of kilometers from the
stations.
Computing on the Go
Wi - Fi
Various versions of wi-fi are standardized by the technical organization IEEE,
hence the version are often labeled as IEEE 802.11.
Bluetooth

Another type of wireless network that is very common in many devices

these days is a wireless personal area network or WPAN technology known
as Bluetooth. Bluetooth technology is essentially a wireless replacement for
cables hence it is commonly used for devices such as earphones, keyboards,
speakers, and so on.
One of the most common wireless technologies offered by telcos nowadays
is third generation wireless or 3G. it offers up to about 1Mbps in speed.
Although some generations prior to 3G offered Internet access, they had
slower speed so much so that not much more than text and low quality
videos and images were accessible. The follow up to 3G, which is becoming
more prevalent, is 4th generation wireless or 4G, one that is faster than 3G.
4G and newer technologies such as Long Term Evolution or LTE provide
faster Internet access. 4G has made HD video and voice calls as well as
streaming of HD content possible while in transit due to faster access
speed.
Computing on the Go
3G and 4G
The two most common technologies from cellular networks are 3G and 4G
such wide area wireless networks can be used in 10s of kilometers and even
when traveling to other countries.

In most countries, 4G access is more expensive than Wi-Fi or home

broadband. Hence, it is common to use 4G outdoors while traveling and
then switching to a Wi-Fi network when indoors, such as inside the house
or an office.
The term cellular network comes from the fact that base stations form cells
or partitions of geographic coverages. Cells are often drawn as hexagons for
illustrative purposes. A moving host in a cellular network can sometimes
experience temporary loss of signal or connectivity when moving from one
cell to another.
When moving from one country to another
example from national to an international
cellular network, a technology known as
international roaming or simply roaming, is used.
Technically , moving from one cell to another is
local roaming, hence the use of roaming to
usually mean international roaming. In roaming,
your local cellular provider must have an
agreement with foreign cellular providers so that
your subscriber identity module or SIM card can
be recognized and accepted for connectivity. SIM
cards are used by the cellular adapter in your
smartphone and other devices to connect to a
cellular network.
FYI

•When was the Philippines first

connected to the Internet?
•on Tuesday , March 29 1994 at
10:18 AM at the university of San
Carlos (USC), Talamban Cebu, The
Philippines was first linked to the
world via Internet. The occasion it
was the first international e-mail
conference.
INTERNET
APPLICATI
ONS
 Connectivity in the New Millennium
Various apps now exist for many kinds of endeavors.
Food Apps
Zomato
Food Panda
Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

Transportation Apps
Grab
Uber
Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

Navigation Apps
Waze
Google Maps
Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

Online Shopping Apps

Amazon
Lazada
 Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

Instant chatting with voice and video

calls
Messenger
Skype
 Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

Social Networking Apps

Facebook
Twitter
 Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

News and Weather Apps

AccuWeather
BBC
 Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

Encyclopedia and Learning Apps

Wikipedia
Duolingo
 Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

Office Productivity Apps

Google Docs
Microsoft Office 365
 Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

User generated Audio or

Video Apps
Youtube
Vimeo
 Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

Video or Audio on Demand

Apps
HBO
Spotify
 Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

Finance Apps
Paypal
BDO
 Various apps now
exist for many
kinds of
endeavors.

Video Game Apps

Candy Crush
Pokemon
 The Web and HTTP
The WWW, or simply Web, was born at a physics research facility in
Geneva, Switzerland. This facility is CERN, which concerns itself
mainly with particle physics. However, Sir Tim Berners – Lee ( a
famous computer scientist and engineer) in the early 1990s who
worked at CERN thought about easily sharing documents and other
resources in the many networked computers at CERN. Hence the
Web was born along with other technologies such as HyperText
Markup Language or HTML and the HyperText Transfer Protocol.
Protocol is needed to share
resources across the Web. The
World Wide Web Consortium
or W3C and the Internet
Engineering Task Force or IETF
are the two main organizations
for such Web protocols and
standards.
Web browsers are clients or on the client
side while web servers host or contain
the contents requested by the web
browsers. Web servers are thus also
knowns as simply the server or on the
server side.. As the Web is an application
built on top of a protocol of the Internet

The Web and HTTP

Any content hosted by a web
server is access using a Unified
Resource Locator or URL,
sometimes colloquially
referred to as a web address
HTTP defines how the URL must be
written in order to request a file from a
server i.e. two forward slashes following
the colon symbol and http. Forward
slashes are again used to access
subdirectories or subfolders. A server
may host multiple websites possibly
identified by their own unique domain.

The Web and HTTP

A Web page is usually a document
written in HTML and other
technologies by the W3C and
other organizations. Web objects,
a general term to mean any
resource such as an image , video,
audio file, or another web page
are placed on web pages using
each of their unique URL.

The Web and HTTP

In web pages, a convenient way to access other web pages or files is
using hyperlinks. Hyperlinks are simply text or any web object on a
web page with an associated URL that leads to another object

Another web technology related to user experience and privacy is the

cookie. A cookie is simply a text file that a website store in the
browser of the user to remember small pieces of information. This
information is what allows websites to know certain details about
your behavior in their website, such as which page you visited, the
contents of your shopping cart for online shopping and so on.

The Web and HTTP

As in bits and bytes inside computers, domain names are actually stored as IP
addresses . IP addresses are four sets of numbers ranging from 0 – 255 separated by
periods.
When using web browsers, we do not type IP addresses. As humans, it is more
convenient to use mnemonics. In this case, the mnemonic comes in the form of
hostnames such as www.google.com, www.upd.edu.ph, www.facebook.com that are
easier to remember than their IP addresses.

The technology and service known as dynamic name system or DNS allows the
translation of hostnames into IP addresses.

A URL by any Name

Websites such as Youtube, Netflix, Vimeo, Hulu even Facebook and Twitter
can send and receive content from users and content makers. Perhaps,
one of the most common ways to deliver content is streaming a
prerecorded video popularized by Youtube. In this case, users (including
companies and other content makers) could upload their videos
completely before other users can begin streaming.

Distribution of Multimedia
Another way to provide content between users is thru Voice over IP or
VoIP. Video can also be communicated in the same connection as VoIP. A
VoIP uses a dedicated “lane” or connection for voice or video data using
VoIP software. Skype is the most popular VoIP application.
Hence, VoIP is commonly used for calls and meetings where voice
communication between users is top priority.

Distribution of Multimedia
Last but certainly not least, one popular way to distribute multimedia
content even in the early days of the Internet is by a peer-to-peer or P2P
distribution. All applications described so far use a client server setup. in a
client server setup, the mark of the storage, processing, and other services
including being “always on” is on the server.

Distribution of Multimedia
As of 2016, the most popular P2P distribution is BitTorrent. In BitTorrent
jargon, the set of peers that participate in the distribution of the file is
known as the torrent. A file is distributed in equally sized chunks, usually
about 256 kilobytes among peers.

Distribution of Multimedia