Immune system

The immune system is a complex system of structure and processes

that has evolved to protect us from infection.

The physiologic function of the immune system is defense against

infections.

Molecular and cellular components make up the immune system.

 What is antibody
• An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, a protective
glycoprotein produced by the immune system in the presence of a
foreign substance .
• Secreted from plasma cell.
 What are the Five Different Types of Antibodies

• There are five immunoglobulin classes of antibody

molecules found in serum: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD.
antigen
Antigens are large molecules of proteins, present on the
surface of the pathogen- such as bacteria, fungi viruses, and
other foreign particles that initiates the production of an
antibody and causes an immune response
IMMUNOLOGICAL TESTS
Tests of Immune Function

 Diagnostic tests based on immunological principles are diverse in

design and are used in all departments in the clinical laboratory.

Tests Based on Antigen-Antibody Reactions

Types of immunological Tests
Agglutination
Precipitation
Labeled antibody techniques Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA), ELISA.
Immunofluorescence (IF)
Chemiluminescence, ECLIA
Flow cytometry
 Antigen -Antibody Reactions .
• Antigen – antibody reactions are performed
to determine the presence of either the
antigen or antibody. ( serological tests ).

• One of the two components has to be

known.

• This reaction can be performed in a tube or

on a glass slide e.g. ABO blood grouping.
Blood grouping (ABO)
 History
Who discovered the blood group system for the first time?
Karl Landsteiner
Karl Landsteiner described ABO blood grouping in 1900 while Rh
system was discovered later in 1940 by Landesteiner and wiener
Genotype and phenotype of all the genes

Genotype Phenotype

AA or AO Blood group A

BB or BO Blood group B

AB Blood group AB

OO Blood group O

Blood group” refers to the system that comprises specific red blood cell (RBC) antigens from a series
of allelic or closely linked genes in the same chromosome.
Blood type is the particular reaction pattern when testing the antisera within a given system.
Recciprocal relationship between ABO
antigen and antibodies