CRIMES

M A R I YANC HUK K S E NI YA
 IN ORDINARY LANGUAGE, A CRIME IS AN UNLAWFUL
ACT PUNISHABLE BY A state or other authority.[1] The
t e r m c r i m e d o e s n o t , i n m o d e r n c r i m i n a l l a w, h a v e
a n y s i m p l e a n d u n i v e r s a l l y a c c e p t e d d e fi n i t i o n , [ 2 ]
t h o u g h s t a t u t o r y d e fi n i t i o n s h a v e b e e n p r o v i d e d f o r
certain purposes.[3] The most popular view is that
c r i m e i s a c a t e g o r y c r e a t e d b y l a w; i n o t h e r w o r d s ,
something is a crime if declared as such by the
relevant and applicable law. [2] One proposed
d e fi n i t i o n i s t h a t a c r i m e o r o ff e n c e ( o r c r i m i n a l
o ff e n c e ) i s a n a c t h a r m f u l n o t o n l y t o s o m e i n d i v i d u a l
but also to a community, society, or the state ("a
p u b l i c w r o n g" ) . S u c h a c t s a r e f o r b i d d e n a n d
punishable by law.
 T H E N OT I O N T H AT AC T S S U C H
A S M U R D E R, R A P E, A N D T H E F T
ARE TO BE PROHIBITED EXISTS
W O R L D W I D E . [ 5 ] W H AT
PRECISELY IS A CRIMINAL
OFFENCE IS DEFINED BY THE
CRIMINAL LAW OF EACH
R E L E V A N T J U R I S D I C T I O N.
WHILE MANY HAVE A
C ATA LO G U E O F C R I M E S C A L L E D
T H E C R I M I N A L C O D E, I N S O M E
CO M M O N L AW N AT I O N S N O
SUCH COMPREHENSIVE
S TAT U T E E X I S T S .
 The state (government) has the power to severely
restrict one's liberty for committing a crime. In modern
societies, there are procedures to which investigations
and trials must adhere. If found guilty, an offender
may be sentenced to a form of reparation such as a
community sentence, or, depending on the nature of
their offence, to undergo imprisonment,
life imprisonment or, in some jurisdictions.
 While every crime violates the law, not every
violation of the law counts as a crime. Breaches of
private law(torts and breaches of contract) are not
automatically punished by the state, but can be
enforced through civil procedure.
The exact definition of crime is a philosophical issue
without an agreed upon answer. Fields such as law,
politics, sociology, and psychology define crime in
different ways.Crimes may be variously considered
as wrongs against individuals, against the
community, or against the state.The criminality of an
action is dependent on its context; acts of violence
will be seen as crimes in many circumstances but as
permissible or desirable in others.Crime was
historically seen as a manifestation of evil, but this has
been superseded by modern criminal theories.
Violent crime
Main articles: Violent crime and Offence against the person
Violent crime is crime that involves an act of violent aggression against
another person.Common examples of violent crime include homicide,
assault, sexual assault, and robbery. Some violent crimes, such as assault,
may be committed with the intention of causing harm. Other violent
crimes, such as robbery, may use violence to further another goal. Violent
crime is distinct from noncriminal types of violence, such as self-defense,
use of force, and acts of war. Acts of violence are most often perceived as
deviant when they are committed as an overreaction or a disproportionate
response to provocation.
.
Property crime

Common examples of property crime include burglary, theft, and vandalism.

Examples of financial crimes include counterfeiting, smuggling, tax evasion, and
bribery. The scope of financial crimes has expanded significantly since the
beginning of modern economics in the 17th century.In occupational crime, the
complexity and anonymity of computer systems may help criminal employees
camouflage their operations. The victims of the most costly scams include banks,
brokerage houses, insurance companies, and other large financial institutions.
 Public order crime
Public order crime is crime that violates a society's norms about what
constitutes socially acceptable behavior. Examples of public order
crimes include gambling, drug-related crime, public intoxication,
prostitution, loitering, breach of the peace, panhandling, vagrancy,
street harassment, excessive noise, and littering.Public order crime is
associated with the broken windows theory, which posits that public
order crimes increase the likelihood of other types of crime. Some
public order crimes are considered victimless crimes in which no
specific victim an be identified. Most nations in the Western world
have moved toward decriminalization of victimless crimes in the
modern era.
 Political crime
Political crime is crime that directly challenges or threatens the
state. Examples of political crimes include subversion, rebellion,
treason, mutiny, espionage, sedition, terrorism, riot, and
unlawful assembly. Political crimes are associated with the
political agenda of a given state, and they are necessarily applied
against political dissidents.Due to their unique relation to the state,
political crimes are often encouraged by one nation against
another, and it is political alignment rather than the act itself that
determines criminality. State crime that is carried out by the state to
repress law-abiding citizens may also be considered political crime.
 Inchoate crime

Inchoate crime is crime that is carried

out in anticipation of other illegal
actions but does not cause direct
harm. Examples of inchoate crimes
include attempt and conspiracy.
Inchoate crimes are defined by
substantial action to facilitate a crime
with the intention of the crime's
occurrence. This is distinct from
simple preparation for or
consideration of criminal activity. They
are unique in that renunciationof
criminal intention is generally enough
to absolve the perpetrator of criminal
liability, as their actions are no longer
facilitating a potential future crime.
Thanks for your attention!