The Use of Radar in the

Field of Automotive as an
Effort to Increase Human
safety

By:
Moh. Ali Fauzi (14050514061)
Atika Jihan Sadida (14050514062)
A U TO MO T IV E R A D A R

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 Material Discussion
Automotive Radar

A. In a Car (Four Wheels)

 History
 Automotive Radar Equipment
 How measuring the distance of object
 Automotive Radar Application
 Autopilot Fiture
 Conclusion B. In a Motorcycle (Two
Wheels)

Motorcycle Radar Detector

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 A Brief History
Early 1970s become the beginning of the creation of
radar in the field of automotive. One of them, in 1970 a
company called VDO introduce a radar 10 GHz installed at
car. They introduce a radar in the rooftop of the car. 4 years
later AEG-Telefunken company introduce radar 35 GHz,
and the next year SEL company (Standard Electric Lorenz)
introduce radar with the frequency of the 16 GHz.

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 Applications

10 GHz automotive
radar system built by 16 GHz automotive
VDO in the early 1970s radar system built by
Standard Electric
Lorenz (SEL) in 1975

35 GHz automotive
radar system built by
AEG-Telefunken in
1974
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 Year Car-Company Radar-Manufacturer

1970 ? VDO

1974 ? Telefunken

1975 ? SEL

1996 Frightliner VORAD

1997 Chrysler VORAD

1998 Mercedes-Benz Millitech

1998/99 BW VDO/HIT

1998/99 Volvo Celcius/Philips

1998/99 Opel (GM) ?

1998/99 Volkswagen VDO/HIT/Rockwell

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 At the first time, radar used to detect the objects (car, truck,
motorcycle, pedestrians) at a relatively close. But with
technology development, radar can also used to detect objects on
a great distance .

Configuration schematic of DISTRONIC

PLUS, where orange is a 77 GHz LRR-sensor
and green is a 24 GHz SRR-sensor (Source:
Daimler AG, Stuttgart, Germany).

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 Automotive Radar Equipments
Antenna
To catch signals and give the results on radio and
television.
Camera
To monitor traffic at a distance and as an aid to vision
when parking.
Radar
With monostatic radar (radar that could emit and
receive the signals). Used to detect objects around the
car.

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 9

Pr : The Received Power.

Pt : The Transmitted Power.
Lsys : System Losses.
R : Distance to the target.
:
Gr,Gt : Gain from receiver and transmitter.
: Related to wavelength.
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 RADAR CROSS SECTION
- Single RCS
- Typically characterized as
multiple separate scattering
centers
- Radar cross-section (RCS) is a
measure of how detectable an
object is with a radar. A larger
RCS indicates that an object is
more easily detected.

Mazda 6 Mono-static RCS

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 Distance Measurement Method
Direct Propagation (Doppler Effect)
There are two primary methods of measuring
distance using radar. The first is known as the direct
propagation method and measures the delay associated
with reception of the reflected signal which can be
correlated to the distance of the reflecting object as a
function of the speed of light and the period or rather,
the time delay in the transmission and receiving of the
waves.

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;

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  FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continous Wave)
-

The second method is known as the indirect propagation

method or the Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
(FMCW) method. For indirect propagation, a modulated
frequency is sent and received, the difference in the
frequency can be used to directly determine the distance as
well as the relative speed of the object.

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14
Radar Application in a Car

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Based on the distance of its scope, the detection
radar on an object are classified into two, namely
in SRR and LRR.

 SSR (Short Range Radar) ().

 LRR (Long Range Radar) ().

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SRR and LRR Sensors

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  Medium Range Radar – MRR
• Long Range Radar – LRR
• 55 dBm transmit power  -9 dBm/Hz transmit power
• 10 – 250 m Range  77-81
GHz Band with 600
• Range Resolution: 0.25 m MHz BW
• Narrow Beam Looking  1-100 m Range
Ahead: ACC  Range Resolution: 0.25 m
 Medium Distance: CTA
• Short Range Radar – SRR
• -9 dBm/Hz transmit power
• 15cm – 30m Range
• Range Resolution: 3.75 cm
• Parking Aid, Close
Proximity to Vehicle

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 Automotive Radar Application
 Radar Cruise Control  Side Impact
 Blind Spot Detection  Parking Assist
 Lane Departure Alert
 Lane Keeping Assist
 Pre-Collision / Pre-Crash
 Collision Warning
 Notify Pedestrian

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RADAR CRUISE CONTROL

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RADAR CRUISE CONTROL
 (Making long highway drives easier and less tiring by maintaining a
distance with the vehicle ahead).
While staying within a preset speed range, the system
maintains an appropriate distance between vehicles, helping
make long highway drives less tiring. The system operates at all
speeds, enabling to follow the vehicle ahead in low speed. This,
in turn, helps reduce driver fatigue even in traffic congestion.
This system has three conditions:

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[1] Cruise control at preset speeds

The vehicle will drive at a constant preset speed.

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[2] Control of deceleration cruising and follow-up cruising
Millimeter-wave radar determines the distance between
vehicles. By adjusting speed within a preset range depending on
the speed of the preceding vehicle, the system maintains a safe
distance while ensuring follow-up and deceleration cruising.

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[3] Acceleration speed control

Sensors (a camera and millimeter-wave radar) detect vehicles

moving in and out of the lane ahead. This helps ensure smooth
acceleration.

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[4] Stop maintenance control (when all-speed cruise control is
available in system)
The system slows or stops your vehicle when the preceding
vehicle slows or stops. When the preceding vehicle speeds up, the
system makes your vehicle accelerate accordingly, until it
resumes the preset speed.
Stop Sensor

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Go Sensor
 [When all-speed cruise control is unavailable:]
 The system slows your vehicle to 30 km/h or above when the
preceding vehicle slows down. The driver must manually
control deceleration below 30km/h.
 Video by Toyota-Global.com:

Dynamic Radar Cruise Control

 Youtube search:
Dynamic Radar Cruise Control (DRCC) Toyota Safety Sense
Select 2016 Models Toyota
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Blind Spot Detection

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(Car tech that watches where you can’t see with your eyes)

You were taught to look over your shoulder before changing

lanes because side view mirrors don’t see everything. What you
may miss in a quick glance is what blind spot detection picks up.
This driver assistance technology senses cars coming up in your
blind spot behind or alongside you, and if your turn signal is on,
it alerts you not to change lanes. With ultrasonic to detect nearby
objects and also some data from the video camera are combined
by the central processing unit . 28
 You’re warned by a flashing light on the side view mirror
and then a beep or steering wheel vibration. If you’re not
planning to change lanes (there is no turn signal on), the
warning light glows steadily but doesn’t flash and there’s no
audible alert.
Blind spot detection is a key technology among driver aids
that provide 360 degrees of electronic coverage around your
car, whether you are at speed or moving slowly.
Youtube search:
(RAV4 How-To Blind Spot Monitor with Rear Cross-Traffic
Alert 2013 RAV4 Toyota)
(Know Your Toyota Blind Spot Monitoring System )

How to Blind Spot Monitor 1

How to Blind Spot Monitor 2

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Lane Departure Alert

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Lane Departure Alert (LDA)

(Warning the driver when the vehicle deviates from its lane.).

This system alerts the alerts the driver if their vehicle

deviates from its lane. The onboard single lens camera
detects the vehicle’s position relative to the white or yellow
lane markings, and when the car begins to leave its lane
without turn signal activation, the driver is warned with an
audible and visual alert.

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[1] Lane Detection
As the car is driving, the onboard camera detects the white
or yellow lane markings and its own relative position.

[2] Alert
As the vehicle begins to leave its lane without activating the
turn signal, the system generates an audible and visual alert to
get the driver’s attention. Youtube search:

Lane Departure Alert (LDA) Toyota

Safety Sense Select 2016 Models
Toyota
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Lane Keeping Assist

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 Lane Keeping Assist

Lane Keeping Assist technology is designed to alert the

driver when the system detects that the vehicle is about to deviate
from a traffic lane. The system can also work in conjunction with
the Radar Cruise Control system to help the driver steer and keep
the vehicle on course. The camera can recognize the lines on
certain types of roads and helps keep within the lines.
The camera will recognize the road structure (white
lines/yellow lines) and control the Electronic Power Steering
(EPS) based on the car's driving situation. This will aid the
driver's steering to stay within their lane.

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 1. The Lane Departure Warning
Alerts the driver when the vehicle starts to deviate from its
lane with a warning buzzer, alert lamp and the application of a
small counter-steering force to the steering wheel.
2. Lane Keeping Assist
When the Rader Cruise Control is activated and the system
senses the vehicle deviating from its lane, the system helps the
car stay on course near the center of the lane by continuously
applying a small amount of counter-steering force.
Lane keeping
assist

Lane departure
warning

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Pre-Collision / Pre-Crash

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 PRE-COLLISION
(Warning the driver about potential collisions)
Based on the vehicle’s position, speed and predicted
course relative to an object ahead, the vehicle uses
audible and visual alerts to warn the driver when
necessary.
Youtube search:
Pre-Collision System (PCS) Toyota Safety Sense
Select 2016 Models Toyota

Pre-Collision System

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Collision Warning
• Front Collision Warning
Have the same principle as Radar Cruise Control.
• Cut-in Collision Warning / Side Impact Detection
Have the principle to detect objects on the side of the
car
• Rear-End Collision Warning
A radar sensor in the rear bumper monitors the traffic
behind the vehicle. If the risk of an impact from the rear
is detected, the rear hazard warning lights are activated
to alert the driver of the vehicle behind the object.
Rear-end Collision Avoidance System
(RCAS) High-tech car intelligent and safe
driving
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Notify Pedestrian

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 Notifies pedestrians of your vehicle
EV-operated (Electric Vehicle) hybrid cars run very
quietly. In the case in Japan, every time the vehicle is
driven at 25km/h or reversing, the system can notify
pedestrians with an automated alert sound. To be
courtesy, the sound can be turned off.

Pedestrian Detection (PD) Toyota

Safety Sense Select 2016 Models
Toyota 40
Parking Assist

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 Parking Assist

Measure position of object very close to the vehicle such as

curbs and other vehicles when parking with ultrasonic
sensor. This system has 3 conditions:

 Park Assist
 Backing Assist Rear View Monitor System
 Intelligent Parking Assist (IPA)

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Park Assist

Toyota Safety
Technology
Parking Assist

The ultrasonic wave sensor is bulit into the corners of the

bumper, it detects the disance to objects and notifies the
driver with sound and display lamp alerts. There alse is
steering sensor can uses the steering maneuver and angle.

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Back Guide Monitor

Toyota Safety
Technology Back
Guide Rear View
Monitor System

When backing up the vehicle, please check your

surroundings and confirm your safety. The camera
instaalled on the rear side of the vehicle displays the
view when backing into a garage.

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Intelligent Park Assist

This system assists with the steering wheel operation

while parallel parking or parking in garages. When the
driver sets the designed parking position on the monitor,
the system assists the steering wheel operation even if the
driver is not good aat parking, the will be able to park
their car more smoothly.
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 Toyota How-To
Intelligent Park
Assist (IPA) 2016
Toyota Prius
Toyota

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Autopilot Fiture

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 Autopilot on Car
An autonomous car (driverless car,\self-driving car, robotic
car) is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and
navigating without human input.
Autonomous cars can detect surroundings using a variety of
techniques such as radar, lidar, GPS, odometry, and computer
vision. Advanced control systems interpret sensory information
to identify appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and
relevant signage.Autonomous cars have control systems that are
capable of analyzing sensory data to distinguish between
different cars on the road, which is very useful in planning a path
to the desired destination..
Toyotas Highway
Teammate Autonomous
Go for a Ride in
Driving Technology
Ubers
demo-ed in a modified
Autonomous Car
Lexus GS 48
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RADAR APPLICATION IN A
MOTORCYCLE

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Motorcycle Radar Detector
A radar detector is an electronic device used by motorists to
detect if their speed is being monitored by police or law
enforcement using a radar gun. Most radar detectors are used so
the driver can reduce the car's speed before being ticketed for
speeding. Only doppler radar-based devices can be detected —
other speed measuring devices including those using ANPR,
piezo sensors, and VASCAR technology cannot be detected.
LIDAR devices require a different type of sensor, although many
modern detectors include LIDAR sensors. Most of today's radar
detectors detect signals across a variety of wavelength bands:
usually X, K, and Ka. In Europe the Ku band is common as well.

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 Applications
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 

Conclusion

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 The difference of 24 GHz radar and 77
GHz is located on a range of areas. If the 24
GHz radar (≤ 30 m) operate on SRR, then 77
GHz radar can operate up to LRR ( ≅ 200
metres).

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Freescale 77 GHz Technology Advantages
• Multi-mode, multi-application capability (long- and mid-range)
1.Allows one radar to be used for multiple safety systems:
-Adaptive cruise control -Headway alert
-Collision warning -Mitigation and brake support
• Solid-state technology
1.Highest level integration
Most advanced SiGe technology with multi-channel transmitter and receiver chips
2.No moving parts.
The main advantages of the 77 GHz to 81 GHz frequency range (79 GHz band) are
that radar devices can be much smaller, a single technology can be used for all
applications, and the risk of mutual interference is low because of the smaller
emission power required.
3.Higher frequency radar systems tend to perform better because they are more reliable
and more accurate
• Class-leading performance and durability
1.Resistant to vibration and extremely robust
2.Innovative design provides excellent multi-target discrimination
Including precise range, approach speed and angle data
3.High speed FMCW waveform combined with 2D-FFT algorithm
Provides independent measurements of range and range rate
Provides superior detection of clustered stationary objects 55
 A high-resolution system can determine whether a vehicle
will crash into an object or there will be a near miss. A low-
resolution system will have a higher rate of false alarms and will
miss a small object that is in front of a big one (see figure below).

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Automotive Radar Applications
Application Detection Range Safety Aspect Technology
Adaptive Cruise Normal driving;
200 meters 77 GHz Radar
Control accident avoidance
77 GHz Radar / 24
Accident; mitigation
Pre-Crash 30 meters GHz Radar 76 / 81
of impact
GHz Radar
Blind Spot Normal driving; 24 GHz Radar/
20 meters
Detection accident avoidance Vision sensor
Lane Departure Normal driving;
60 meters Vision sensor
Warning accident avoidance
77 GHz + 24 GHz
Normal driving;
Stop and Go 30 meters Radar 76/81 GHz
accident avoidance
Radar

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THANK YOU  

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