Module7 Resonance

Resonance
MODULE 7
Alexander T. Montero, REE, RME
Topics
• Series Resonance
• Quality Factor, Q
• Impedance of a Series Resonant Circuit
• Power, Bandwidth, and Selectivity of a
• Series Resonant Circuit
• Series-to-Parallel RL and RC Conversion
• Parallel Resonance
Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to
• determine the resonant frequency and bandwidth of a simple series
or parallel circuit,
• determine the voltages, currents, and power of elements in a
resonant circuit,
• sketch the impedance, current, and power response curves of a
series resonant circuit,
• find the quality factor, Q, of a resonant circuit and use Q to
determine the bandwidth for a given set of conditions,
• explain the dependence of bandwidth on the L/C ratio and on R for
both a series and a parallel resonant circuit,
• design a resonant circuit for a given set of parameters,
• convert a series RL network into an equivalent parallel network for a
given frequency.
Series Resonance
Definition
A simple series resonant circuit is constructed by combining an
ac source with an inductor, a capacitor, and optionally, a
resistor as shown in Figure 21–2a.
as illustrated in Figure 21–2b.
Series Resonance
Definition
In this circuit, the total resistance
is expressed as
By combining the generator resistance, RG, with the series

resistance, RS, and the resistance of the inductor coil, Rcoil, the
circuit may be simplified
Series Resonance
Definition
Because the circuit of Figure 21–2 is a
series circuit, the total impedance as follows:
Resonance occurs when the reactance of the circuit is

effectively eliminated, resulting in a total impedance that is
purely resistive.
This is done by setting the reactances of the capacitor and
inductor equal to one another
Series Resonance
Definition
By letting the reactances be equal we are able to determine the
series resonance frequency, ωs (in radians per second) as
follows:
The resonant frequency
The subscript s in the above equations

indicates that the frequency
determined is the series resonant
frequency.
Series Resonance
Definition
At resonance, the total current in the circuit is determined from
Ohm’s law as
By again applying Ohm’s law, we find the voltage across each of

the elements in the circuit as follows:
Series Resonance
Definition
The average power dissipated by the resistor and the reactive
powers of the inductor and capacitor as follows:
These powers are illustrated graphically:

Quality Factor
Definition
For any resonant circuit, we define the quality factor, Q, as the
ratio of reactive power to average power, namely,
Because the reactive power of the inductor is equal to the

reactive power of the capacitor at resonance, we may express Q
in terms of either reactive power.
Quality Factor
Definition
Quite often, the inductor of a given circuit will have a Q
expressed in terms of its reactance and internal resistance, as
follows:
If an inductor with a specified Qcoil is included in a circuit, it is

necessary to include its effects in the overall calculation of the
total circuit Q
.
Quality Factor
Definition
The Q of a circuit is used in determining other quantities of the
circuit
By multiplying current I:
Since the magnitude of the voltage across the capacitor is equal

to the magnitude of the voltage across the inductor at
resonance , the voltages across the inductor and capacitor are
related to the Q
Quality Factor
Definition
Note:
Since the Q of a resonant circuit is generally significantly
larger than 1, we see that the voltage across reactive
elements can be many times greater than the applied
source voltage. Therefore, it is always necessary to ensure
that the reactive elements used in a resonant circuit are
able to handle the expected voltages and currents.
Quality Factor
SP01
Quality Factor
SP01 Solution
Quality Factor
SP01 Solution
Quality Factor
Assignment QF01
Z of Series Resonant Circuit
Definition
The magnitude and phase angle of the impedance vector, ZT, are
expressed as follows:
Definition
Examining these equations for various values of frequency, we
note that the following conditions will apply:
Definition
As we decrease ω from resonance, ZT will

get larger until ω = 0.
At this point, the magnitude of the
impedance will be undefined, corresponding
to an open circuit.
As one might expect, the large impedance
occurs because the capacitor behaves like an
open circuit at dc.
Definition
The angle θ will occur between of 0° and

-90° since the numerator of the
argument of the arctangent function will
always be negative, corresponding to an
angle in the fourth quadrant.
Because the angle of the impedance has
a negative sign, we conclude that the
impedance must appear capacitive in
this region.
Definition
As ω is made larger than resonance, the impedance ZT will

increase due to the increasing reactance of the inductor.
Definition
For these values of ω , the angle θ will always be within 0° and
+90°because both the numerator and the denominator of the
arctangent function are positive.
Because the angle of ZT occurs in the first quadrant, the
impedance must be inductive.
P, BW and Selectivity of SR Circuit
Intro
In this section, we examine how current and power are
affected by changing the frequency of the voltage source.
Power
Applying Ohm’s law gives the magnitude of the current at
resonance as follows:
For all other frequencies, the magnitude of the current will be less
than Imax because the impedance is greater than at resonance.
When the frequency is zero (dc), the current will be zero since the
capacitor is effectively an open circuit.
At increasingly higher frequencies, the inductor begins to
approximate an open circuit and causing the current in the circuit
to approach zero.
Definition
The total power dissipated by the circuit at any frequency is
given as
Since the current is maximum at resonance, it follows that the

power must similarly be maximum at resonance.
Power
The power response of a series
resonant circuit has a bell-shaped
curve called the selectivity curve,
which is similar to the current
response.
Figure 21–9 illustrates the typical
selectivity curve.
Bandwidth
Bandwidth, BW, of the resonant circuit to be the difference
between the frequencies at which the circuit delivers half of the
maximum power.
The frequencies ω1 and ω2

are called the half-power
frequencies, the cutoff
frequencies, or the band
frequencies.
Bandwidth
If the bandwidth of a circuit is kept very narrow, the circuit is
said to have a high selectivity.
Since it is highly selective to signals occuring within a very
narrow range of frequencies.
On the other hand, if the bandwidth of a circuit is large, the
circuit is said to have a low selectivity.
Bandwidth
The elements of a series resonant circuit determine not
only the frequency at which the circuit is resonant, but also
the shape (and hence the bandwidth) of the power
response curve.
Bandwidth
Consider a circuit in which the resistance,
R, and the resonant frequency, ωs, are
held constant.
By increasing the ratio of L/C, the sides of
the power response curve become
steeper and resulted to decrease in the
BW.
Decreasing the ratio of L/C causes the
sides of the curve to become more
gradual, resulting in an increased BW.
These characteristics are illustrated in
Figure 21–10.
Bandwidth
If L and C are kept constant, the BW will decrease as R is
decreased and BW will increase as R is increased.
A series circuit has the highest selectivity if the resistance of the
circuit is kept to a minimum.
BW ωs & Qs
For the series resonant circuit the power at any frequency is
determined as
BW ωs & Qs
At the half-power frequencies, the power must be
Since the maximum current in the circuit is given as
by manipulating the above expression, the magnitude of current

at the half-power frequencies is
BW ωs & Qs
The cutoff frequencies are found by evaluating the frequencies
at which the power dissipated by the circuit is half of the
maximum power.
Combining Equations 21–21 and 21–22, we have the following:
BW ωs & Qs
BW ωs & Qs
From the selectivity curve for a series circuit, we see that the
two half-power points occur on both sides of the resonant
angular frequency, ωs.
When , the term ω2LC must

be less than 1.
In this case the solution is determined
as follows:
BW ωs & Qs
The solution of this quadratic equation gives the lower half-power
frequency as
BW ωs & Qs
The solution of this quadratic equation gives the upper half-power

frequency as
BW ωs & Qs
Bandwidth of the circuit as
which gives
BW ωs & Qs
Because the bandwidth may alternately be expressed in hertz,

the above expression is equivalent to having
SP01
SP01 Solution
SP01 Solution
If the resonant frequency were centered in the bandwidth, then the

half power frequencies occur at approximately
SP01 Solution
SP01 Solution
SP01 Solution
SP02
SP02 Solution
SP02 Solution
SP02 Solution
resonant frequency of 200 kHz
Assignment PBWS01
Assignment QF01
Series to Parallel of RL & RC Conversion
Conversion with Q
Conversion with Q
Conversion with Q
The quality factor of the resulting
parallel network must be the same as for
the original series network because the
reactive and the average powers must be
the same.
Using the parallel elements, the quality
factor is expressed as
SP01
SP01
SP01 Solution
SP02
SP02Solution
SP02 Solution
SP02 Solution
Q ≥ 10
Q ≥ 10
Assignment SPRCRL 01
Parallel Resonance
Intro
A simple parallel resonant circuit is illustrated in Figure 21–26.
The parallel resonant circuit is best analyzed using a constant-
current source, unlike the series resonant circuit which used a
constant-voltage source.
Parallel Resonance
Intro
Consider the LC “tank” circuit shown in Figure 21–27.
The tank circuit consists of a capacitor in parallel with an
inductor. Due to its high Q and frequency response, the tank
circuit is used extensively in communications equipment such as
AM, FM, and television transmitters and receivers.
Parallel Resonance
Intro
The circuit of Figure 21–27 is not exactly a parallel resonant
circuit, since the resistance of the coil is in series with the
inductance.
In order to determine the frequency at which the circuit is
purely resistive, we must first convert the series combination of
resistance and inductance into an equivalent
parallel network. The resulting circuit is shown in Figure 21–28.
Parallel Resonance
Intro
At resonance, the capacitive and inductive reactances of the
circuit of Figure 21–28 are equal.
The input impedance of this network at resonance is therefore
purely resisitive and given as ZT = RP.
Resonant frequency of a tank circuit is determined by first letting
the reactances of the equivalent parallel circuit be equal
Parallel
ParallelResonance
Resonance
Intro
Now, using the component values of the tank circuit, we
have
Factoring from the denominator, we express the parallel

resonant frequency as
Parallel Resonance
Intro
Parallel Resonance
Intro
The frequency response of the impedance of the parallel circuit
is shown in Figure 21–30.
This result is exactly opposite to that observed in series resonant circuits.

Parallel Resonance
Series vs Parallel Resonance
SERIES
PARALLEL
Parallel Resonance
The Q
The Q of the parallel circuit is determined from the definition as
Parallel Resonance
The I
For a parallel RLC resonant circuit,
the currents in the various
elements are found from Ohm’s
law as follows:
Parallel Resonance
The ω1 , ω2 and BQ
The half-power frequencies of a parallel resonant circuit are
Parallel Resonance
SP01
Parallel Resonance
SP01 Solution
Parallel Resonance
SP01 Solution
Parallel Resonance
SP01 Solution
Parallel Resonance
SP01 Solution
Parallel Resonance
SP01 Solution
Parallel Resonance
SP02
Parallel Resonance
SP02 Solution
Parallel Resonance
SP02 Solution
Parallel Resonance
SP02 Solution
Parallel Resonance
SP02 Solution
Parallel Resonance
SP02 Solution
Parallel Resonance
SP02 Solution
Parallel Resonance
Assignment PR01
Parallel Resonance
Assignment PR02
END

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Module7 Resonance

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Resonance

By combining the generator resistance, RG, with the series

Resonance occurs when the reactance of the circuit is

The resonant frequency

The subscript s in the above equations

By again applying Ohm’s law, we find the voltage across each of

These powers are illustrated graphically:

Because the reactive power of the inductor is equal to the

If an inductor with a specified Qcoil is included in a circuit, it is

Since the magnitude of the voltage across the capacitor is equal

As we decrease ω from resonance, ZT will

The angle θ will occur between of 0° and

As ω is made larger than resonance, the impedance ZT will

Since the current is maximum at resonance, it follows that the

The frequencies ω1 and ω2

Since the maximum current in the circuit is given as

by manipulating the above expression, the magnitude of current

When , the term ω2LC must

The solution of this quadratic equation gives the upper half-power

Because the bandwidth may alternately be expressed in hertz,

If the resonant frequency were centered in the bandwidth, then the

Factoring from the denominator, we express the parallel

This result is exactly opposite to that observed in series resonant circuits.

Series vs Parallel Resonance

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