Welcome to 4 form Biology th

TEACHER: MRS. ROWENA KING-DASOUZA

Topics for Term 1

 Enzymes
 Nutrition and balanced diets
 Respiration
 Transport in animals and plants
Lab/ SBAs

 Labs will be done over a 2 year period

 File will be sent with the labs
 Types of labs
-AI
-ORR
-D
-MM
-PD
Review of Form 3

 What is Biology?
 GRIMNER
 Cells, osmosis, diffusion and active transport
 Photosynthesis
 Digestion
Enzymes
Objectives

 Describe enzymes and their role

 Properties of enzymes
 Graphs showing the effect of pH and Temperature on enzymes
What are enzymes?

 Enzymes are proteins that are biological catalysts.

 What is a catalyst? A catalyst is a chemical substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical
reaction.
 This means that enzymes help to speed up the rate of different chemical reactions in
organisms.
 They are found in all living organisms, without them these processes would take a very
long time.
 They help to break down, build up or convert molecules
 Most enzymes name end with –ase. Example amylase and maltase. There are exceptions,
example pepsin and trypsin.
List of some enzymes in the digestive system

 Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase

 Pepsin
 Trypsin
 Lipase
 Lactase
 Sucrase
 maltase
How enzymes work

 The active site is the area where the substrates bind

Properties of enzymes

 They speed up chemical reactions

 They have an optimum pH
 They have an optimum temperature
 They are specific/ have a lock and key mechanism
 They are denatured at high temperatures and with strong chemicals
 They remain unchanged at the end of a reaction
They speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes are specific

 Substrates only fit into the enzymes that work on them. The protein molecules would not
fit into the active site of amylase
They have optimum pH and temperatures

 Enzymes are most effective at their optimum pH and optimum temperature (video).
 The human body’s average temperature is approximately 37 ͦC
They can be denatured

 Enzymes are destroyed at high temperatures and also at pH outside of their range.
Reactions do not change the shape of enzymes
Videos

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgVFkRn8f10
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvQyM6plOgk
Question time 

Find the optimum pH and temperatures for A, B, P and Q.