SWITCH YARD OPERATION AND PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES

INTRODUCTION POWER TRANSFORMERS CIRCUIT BREAKERS CURRENT TRANSFORMERS CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER BUS BAR PROTECTION EARTHING OF SWITCH YARD CONCLUSION

overview of N.S.H.E.S:
Nagarjuna sagar hydro electric station(N.S.H.E.S) --Electric power is generated in Generating Stations. The voltage at which the power is generated in generating stations lies between 11KV to 25KV. This voltage is not suitable for bulk power transmission over long distances as it results in increased transmission line losses. For reduces these losses the generated terminal voltage is stepped up to Transmission Voltage (Say, 132K.V./ 220 K.V. /400 K.V. and 765kv).

Pumped storage scheme: --Equipment supplied by m/s Hitachi&m/s Mistubishi & components by M/s BHEL. -- 1 ST Stage: installation of 4nos reversible type pump turbine motor/gerator units. -- 2 nd Stage:-installation of 3 nos reversible units .

Right canal hydro-electric station (jawahar canal) Left canal power house (Lal bahabur canal) Parts of Hydel station :
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Reservoir Dam Trash rack Penstock-ingate Penstock Turbine Generator Transformer & switch gear etc

The rating of power transformers used in A.P system. i)400/220KV 315MVA Auto Transformers. ii)220/132KV 100MVA Auto Transformers. iii) 220/33KV 50&31.5MVA Transformers. iv)132/66KV 40&27.5MVA Transformers. v)132/33KV 50,31.5,25,16,15MVA Transformers. vi)132/11KV 16,15&7.5MVA Transformers. vii)33/11KV 8,5,3.15MVA Transformers.

TYPES OF FAULTS: A. Through Faults B. internal Faults

Relays employed to protect the transformer against internal faults: A. Buchholz relays B. Differential relays C. Ref relays D. Over fluxing relays

It provides insulation and cooling Types of insulating media:a)dielectric-oil b)askarel c)dry air or nitrogen for dry transformers d)sf6 gas e)solid in conjunction with dry air

Significant of important characteristics : oil serves as dielectric medium and cooling medium. Dielectric properties of Transformer oil:1) Electric strength (breakdown voltage): Basic parameter for the insulation system design of transformers receptivity (specific resistance) Loss angle of dielectric and dielectric dissipation factor

Transformer is provided with OFW (forced oil, water circulated ) cooling method . Cooler system is so designed that under all conditions inside the heat exchanger will be more than the water pressure . Hence even if any leak occurs in the heat exchanger it will be from oil to water and vice-versa.

Onload tap changer (OLTC): It consists of a high speed resistor transition diverter ,tap selector, driving mechanism and the control cubicle housing various relays and switches. Parts: A. tap selector B. Intermittent gear mechanisms C. Diverter switch D. Motor driven operating mechanism and driving shaft

Silica gel breather : object :-transformer performers breathing action as a result of expansion and contraction of oil due to variation of its load and ambient temperature. Characteristics of silica gel:

Circuit Breaker is a mechanical device capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under no circuit conditions and making, carrying for a specified time and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit. Circuit Breaker Classifications: I. Depending on Interrupting medium:-(Bulk oil, minimum oil, Air blast, SF6, Vacuum)

Recovery voltage :the power frequency rms voltage which appears across the breaker contacts after the arc is finally extinguished and transient oscillations die out . Classification of circuit breakers: oil circuit breakers Air blast circuit breakers Sulphur hexaflouride(SF6) circuit breakers Vaccum circuit breakers

Compressed air system for pneumatic mechanism Hydraulic mechanism Spring mechanism Opening and closing times of circuit breakers: --closing time measurement using digital time internal meter --measurement of circuit breaker opening time

These are used for reducing /step down ac current from higher values to lower values for measurement /protection/control. Selection of ratios: for CT ,different ratios are provided by primary reconnection secondary tap or combination of both. Testing of CTs: --turns ratio test --polarity test --primary injection test

It consists of capacitive potential divider and an inductive medium voltage circuit.

220 kv electromagnetic voltage transformer is of cascade instruction type and consists of Cores and windings Porcelain insulators Steel with integral secondary terminal box Top chambers

To maintain system stability and minimise fault damage due to high fault levels ,instantaneous tripping for busbar fault is necessary. Bus bar protection scheme should be : a) Completely reliable b) Absolutely stable for heavy through faults c) Selective d) Accurate and fast operating

Single bus bar arrangement Single sectionalized bus bar scheme Main and transfer bus bar scheme Double bus bar arrangement Double bus and transfer bus arrangement Combination of main and transfer bus and double bus arrangement

In electricity supply systems, an earthing system defines the electric potential of the conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply, and regulations can vary considerably among countries. Most electrical systems connect one supply conductor to earth (ground). If a fault within an electrical device connects a "hot" (unearthed) supply conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it while electrically connected to the earth will complete a circuit back to the earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock .

The modern power systems is very complex.The capital investment involved in a powersystem is so great that proper precautions must be taken to ensure that the equipment not only operates as nearly as possible to peak efficiencies ,but also protected from accidents. In this project we have concentrated more on the protection generating transformer of 220kv with emphasis on circuit breakers and also slightly on the other equipments which are used in NHES.

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