Boundary layer is taken as at region of fluid close to the surface
immersed in the flowing fluid.
In practice, the surface of boundary layer is symmetry between
the upper and lower parts of plate. (both surface are identical in
nature).
The fluid in contact with plate surface has zero velocity no slip.
Shear stress, acting at the plate surface (shear force) which
opposed the fluid motion. Velocity of fluid close to the wall is
decelerated. At outer edge of boundary layer, u = 0.99 Us.
For smooth, polished plates the transition may be delayed until Re
equals 500000. for rough plates, transition may occur at much
lower values.
Thickness of boundary layer, is much smaller than x.
Initially, the boundary layer is still developing and growing in
thickness up to its maximum. As the boundary layer develops, it
will be in laminar form. The flow can become turbulent,
depending upon its Reynolds number (Re).
Laminar, Re < 2000
Turbulent, Re 2000
Once the boundary layer (whether laminar or turbulent) has
grown to fill whole pipe cross-section, the flow is said to be fully
developed and no further changes in velocity profile are to be
expected
down
stream,
provided
that
the
pipeline
characteristics (diameter, roughness) remain constant.
The flow is assumed to be fully developed when the maximum
velocity, at pipe centerline, becomes 0.99 of theoretical
maximum.
To solve fluid mechanics most often it is necessary to resort to experimental
method to establish relationships between the variables of interest.
Since experimental studies are usually quite expensive, it is necessary to
keep the required experimentation to a minimum.
This is done using a technique called dimensional analysis, which is based on
the notion of dimensional homogeneity-that all terms in an equation must
have the same dimensions. Example, if we write Bernoullis equation in the
form
2
2
v1 P1
v
P
Z1 2 2 Z 2
2g
2g
We note that the dimension of each team is length. Furthermore, if we
factored
the left-hand
side and z2 from the right-hand side, we
2
v12
P1 out z1 vform
P
Z
2
have
1
2 2 2
would
2 gZ Z
2 gZ Z
Z
1
In
this form of Bernoullis equation the terms are all
dimensionless and we have written the equations as a
combination of dimensionless parameter, the basic idea in
dimensional analysis.
Often in experimental work, we are required to perform
experiments on objects that are quite large, too large to
experiment with for a reasonable cost.
This would include flow over dams, flow around submarines and
ships etc.
Similitude is the study of predicting prototype conditions from
model observations and will be discussed following dimensional
analysis.
Similitude involves the use of the dimensionless parameter
In simple flow situations, all the quantities have same combination
of dimension of length, time, mass and force which are related by
Newtons Second Law, F = ma
In terms of dimensions, it is written as F = ML/T2
Where F, M,L and T are dimensions of force, mass, length and
time respectively.
Thus we see that if its sufficient to use only three basic
dimensions.
We will choose the M-L-T system because we can eliminate the
force dimension.
The quantities of interest in fluid mechanics are listed with their
respective dimensions.
In a given physical problem the dependent variable x1 can be
express in terms of the independent variables as
x1 f x2 , x3 , x4 ,.....xn
Where n represents the total number of variables.
The Buckingham Pi Theorem states that (n-m) dimensionless groups of
variables, can be related by
1 f1 2 , 3 , n m
Where 1
includes the dependent variable andremaining
parameters include only independent variables.
Step 1:
List all parameters involved.
Step 2:
Select a set of fundamental (primary) dimensions e.g, MLT or FLT.
Step 3:
List the dimensions of all parameters In terms of primary dimensions.
Step 4:
Select from the list of parameters a number of repeating parameters. The repeating
variables selected from the independent variables must include all of the basic
dimensions, but they must not from a
parameter by themselves.
Step 5:
Set up dimensional equations, combining the parameters selected in step 4 with
each of the other [parameters in turn, to form dimensionless groups. Solve the
dimensional equations to obtain
the functional form of the dimensional
parameter.
