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Dimensional Analysis
Rayleighs Method and Buckingham's Pi-theorem
and their applications.
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Forces on immersed bodies
Development of boundary layer on immersed
Bodies.
Elementary theory of surface drag and form drag.
Simple lift and drag equations and their
applications to simple engineering problems.
Separation of boundary layer.
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Centrifugal pumps.
Classification, construction features and operation,
specific speed, cavitation.
Reciprocating Pumps
Single acting and double acting pumps, acceleration
head, maximum suction lift. Use of air vessels
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It is a pure mathematical technique to establish a
relationship between physical quantities (variables
or parameters) involved in a fluid phenomenon by
considering their dimensions.
Simplifies computation
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Identify what you are being asked.
Write down what is given or known.
Look for relationships between knowns
and unknowns (use charts, equations).
Rearrange the equation to solve for the
unknown.
Do the computations, cancel the units,
check for reasonable answers
Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Analysis refers to the physical
nature of the quantity and the type of unit
(Dimension) used to specify it.
Distance has dimension L.
Area has dimension L2.
Volume has dimension L3.
Time has dimension T.
Speed has dimension L/T
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Development of an equation for fluid
phenomenon
MLT system
FLT system
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[x], Length L [r], Mass Density ML-3
[m], Mass M [P], Pressure ML-1T-2
[t], Time T [E], Energy ML2T-2
[v], Velocity LT-1 [I], Electric Current QT-1
[a], Acceleration LT-2 [q], Electric Change Q
[F], Force MLT-2 [E], Electric Field - MLQT-2
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Rayleighs Method
Buckinghams -method
y f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ,.......xn )
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In exponential form as
y [( x1 ) a , ( x2 ) b , ( x3 ) c ,.......( xn ) z ]
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For further understanding, lets explore the
equation for the velocity (V) of a pressure
wave through a fluid.
L F M
V , E 2 2
T L LT
M L2
r 3 ,
L T
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V CEa r b d
C is the dimensionless constant. Substituting
the dimensions
d
L M M L2
a b
T LT 2 L3 T
For M 0 ab
For L 1 a 3b 2d
For T 1 2a d
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Solving the above equations, we get
a 1/ 2
b 1 / 2
d 0
So finally,
E
V C
r
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Developed by E. Buckingham (1915)-a more generalized
method of dimensional analysis.
If n is the total number of variables in a dimensionally
homogenous equation containing m fundamental
dimensions, then they may be grouped into (n-m)
terms.
if y=f(x1, x2, xn)
then the functional relationship will be written as
( 1 , 2 ....... nm ) 0
Suitable where n 4
Not applicable if (n-m) = 0
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Consider the factors affecting the drag force
on a sphere.(Practical/experiment has been
done in the lab under Fluid Mechanics-I)
ML L M M
, L, , ,
T2 T L3 LT
We can see that here m=3
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Determine the number of -terms needed. In
this case they will be n-m=5-3=2.
1 r a1 D b1V c1
2 r a2 D b2 V c2 FD
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So our expressions will look like
a1 c
M L M
1
M LT 3
0 0 0
L
b1
L T LT
M : 0 a1 1
L : 0 3a1 b1 c1 1
T : 0 c1 1
Solving,
a1 1; b1 1; c1 1
thus
1
rDV
1 r 1
D V 1 1
rDV
As
R rDV /
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1 R 1
and
FD
2
rD 2V 2
1 , 2 0
FD
1
R ,
0
rD 2V 2
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PROBLEM (1)
Derive an expression for the flow rate q over
the spillway shown in the figure per foot of
spillway perpendicular to the sketch. Assume
that the sheet of water is relatively thick, so
that surface-tension effects are negligible.
Assume also that gravity effects predominate
so strongly over viscosity that we can neglect
viscosity.
SOLUTION:
PROBLEM (2
Derive an expression for the shear stress at
the pipe wall when an incompressible fluid
flows through a pipe under pressure. Use
dimensional analysis with the following
significant parameters: pipe diameter D, flow
velocity V, and viscosity and density of
the fluid.
SOLUTION:
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PROBLEM (3)
The critical depth yc in a V-shaped channel
depends upon the discharge Q, acceleration
due to gravity g, and the vertex angle made
by the two side-walls of the channel. Using
the method of dimensional analysis deive an
equation for the critical depth.
SOLUTION:
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