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FAULTS
POWER SYSTEM FAULTS
Power substations as a target of study consists of some
elements like Transmission Lines, Bus Bars, Power
Transformers, Outgoing Feeders, and Bus Couplers.
Regardless of the design and the systematic preventive
maintenance procedures instituted, failures due to
abnormal or fault conditions do occur
Fault are intolerable power conditions (other than
steady-state or rated ones) to which the power system or
requirement are subjected.
General causes of power system
faults
1- Fault Current
Healthy insulation in the equipment is subjected to either transient
over voltages of small time duration due to switching and lightning
strokes, direct or indirect. Failure of insulation may be happened,
resulting in very high fault current. This current may be
more than 10 times the rated or nominal current of the equipment.
2- Insulation Aging
Aging of power equipments may cause breakdown of its insulation
even at normal power frequency voltage.
General cause of power system
faults (contd)
3- External Causes
External object such as bird, kite, or tree branch are
considered as external cause of fault. These objects
may span one conductor and ground causing single
line to ground fault (phase-earth) or span two
conductors causing phase-phase fault
Fault Effects
Unbalanced Faults
Unbalanced Faults may be classified into
SHUNT FAULTS and SERIES FAULTS.
SHUNT FAULTS:
Line to Ground
Line to Line
Line to Line to Ground
Broad categorization of Fault Types
Broad categorization of Fault Types
Causes :
1) Insulation Breakdown
2) Lightning Discharges and other Overvoltages
3) Mechanical Damage
During unbalanced faults, symmetry of system Is
lost therefore single phase representation is no
longer Valid
Broad categorization of Fault Types
Actual Value
Per Unit Value
Base Value
Per Unit System
Per Unit Values
S I V Z
S pu I pu Vpu Z pu
S base I base Vbase Z base
Z Sbase 2
Vbase
Z pu 2 Z Z Z base Z pu Z pu
Z base Vbase S base
Per Unit System
Usually, the nominal apparent power (S) and nominal
voltage (V) are taken as the base values for power (Sbase)
and voltage (Vbase).
The base values for the current (Ibase) and impedance
(Zbase) can be calculated based on the first two base
values.
Z actual
Z% 100%
Z base
The percent impedance
e.g. in a synchronous generator with 13.8
kV as its nominal voltage, instead of
saying the voltage is 12.42 kV, we say the
voltage is 0.9 p.u.
• Usually, the 3-phase SB or MVAB and line-to-line VB or kVB
are selected
• IB and ZB dependent on SB and VB
S B 3VB I B VB 3I B Z B
VB / 3 VB
2
SB
IB , ZB
3VB IB SB
The impedance of individual generators &
transformer, are generally in terms of
percent/per unit based on their own ratings.
Impedance of transmission line in ohmic
value
When pieces of equipment with various
different ratings are connected to a system, it
is necessary to convert their impedances to a
per unit value expressed on the same base.
Change of Base
old
Z pu be the per unit impedance on the power base Sold
B
old
& voltage base V B
Z S Bold
Z old
old Z
pu
ZB
V old
B
2
1
new
Z pu be the new per unit impedance on the new power base Snew
B
Z S Bnew
new
Z pu new Z 2
ZB V
B
new 2
Change of Base
From (1) and (2), the relationship between the old
and the new per unit value
2
S new
V old
Z new
pu Z old
pu
S
B
old
V
B
new
B B
SB
2
MVAbase ( new) KVbase ( old )
Z pu ( new) Z pu ( old ) * * 2
MVAbase ( old ) KV base ( new )
(1) To calculate the p.u impedance and % impedance
of a transmission line at 100 MVA
base Line voltage 330 KV
Line length 200 Kms
Line resistance /Km = 0.06 ohms/Km
Line reactance /Km = 0.4 ohms/Km
Z = R + jX
For the 200kms line length
Z = 200 (0.06 + j 0.4)
= 12 + j 80
|Z| = [(12) 2 + (80) 2] = 80.895 ohms
Zp.u = Zx MVA base
(KV) 2 base
= 80.895 x 100
(330) 2
= 0.0743 p.u
%Z = 0.074 x 100
= 7.43
(2)To calculate the p.u impedance to a 100 MVA base
Given four generators; 90MVA, 11KV of 15%
impedance each connected to step up transformers
of 90MVA 11KV/330KV of 14% impedance. Calculate
the fault current at F.
Assumed MVA = 100
%Z generators = 15 on 90 MVA base
or Zg p.u = 0.15 on 90 MVA base
= 1238.4 x (10) 3
3 x 330
= 2166.638Amps