E Classroom: Slide 1/72

1 Introducing Science 中 /EN
Flipped classroom
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1.6 Basic practical skills
A.Transferring and mixing solutions
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1. Transferring solutions
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When we transfer a large amount of

solution, we can pour it out directly.
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When we transfer a small amount of

solution, we should use a dropper.
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A dropper helps us control the amount

of solution to transfer more easily.
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Experiment 1.9 Watch the Expt. video
Transferring solutions
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Material and apparatus
test tube 2
dropper 1
test tube rack 1
coloured solution
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1. Slowly pour some coloured solution from a

reagent bottle into a test tube until it is about
one-third full.
Tip
In case you pour excess test tube
solution into the test
tube, do not pour it back
into the reagent bottle.
This avoids any reagent bottle
impurities contaminating
the solution in the
reagent bottle.
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2. (a) Gently squeeze the rubber bulb of a

dropper and do not release the bulb.
rubber bulb
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2. (b) Then, lower the dropper into the coloured

solution in the test tube. Release the bulb
slowly to draw some solution.
coloured solution
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2. (c) Remove any excess droplets from the tip

of the dropper.
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2. (d) Place the dropper at the mouth of an

empty test tube. Gently squeeze the bulb
to add the solution drop by drop to the
empty test tube.
empty test tube
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3. Practise this several times until you can do it

well.
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Discussion
Why should we not hold
the dropper upside-down?
The solution will go into the
rubber bulb and it may be
___________
____________
contaminated by any
substance left there.
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2. Mixing solutions
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When we need to mix two or more solutions

in experiments, we may use one of the
following methods to mix them well.
Method 1: Method 2:
Use a glass rod to stir Gently shake the test
the mixed solution tube
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When we need to mix two or more solutions

in experiments, we may use one of the
following methods to mix them well.
Method 3: Method 4:
Tap the bottom of the test Stopper the test tube
tube with the index finger and shake well
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Mixing solutions
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#1, 7, 13, #2, 8, 14, #3, 9, 15,

19, 25, 31 20, 26 21, 27
#4, 10, 16, #5, 11, 17, #6, 12, 18,
22, 28 23, 29 24, 30
Teacher’s bench
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Aristo 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Slide 20/72

test tube 5
test tube rack 1
dropper 4
beaker (250 cm3) 1
solution A (copper(II) nitrate)
solution B (potassium iodide)
solution C (sodium carbonate)
solution D (ethanoic acid)
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1. Your teacher will give you four reagent bottles

of solutions labelled A to D. Record the colour of
each solution. (The hazard warning symbols of
these solutions are shown in the table.)
Caution
Handle these solutions with care.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Solution A B C D
Colour blue colourless colourless colourless
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2. Label four empty test tubes A to D. Pour a

small amount of solution A into test tube A
until it is about one-third full. Repeat with
solutions B, C and D.
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3. Now, you are going to mix solution A with

solution B.
(a) Use a dropper to transfer 10 drops of
solution A to an empty test tube.
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3. (b) Then, use another dropper to transfer 10

drops of solution B to the same test tube.
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3. (c) Mix the solutions using one of the

following methods. Caution
If you spill any solutions
on your hands, wash
them immediately
under running water.
or
gently shake the test tube tap the bottom of the test
tube with the index finger
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3. (d) Observe the mixed solution carefully.

Write your observations in the table on
the next slide. The photos below will help
you describe your observations.
clear solution cloudy solution solids formed bubbles formed
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4. Repeat Step 3 with other pairs of solutions

listed in the table on the next slide.
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4. Repeat Step 3 with other pairs of solutions

listed in the same table.
Is it clear Are there any Are there any
Colour of the
Solution of solids bubbles
mixed solution
cloudy? formed? formed?
A+B
A+C
A+D
B+C
B+D
C+D 29
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Results
Is it clear Are there any Are there any
Colour of the
Solution of solids bubbles
mixed solution
brown cloudy?
cloudy formed?
yes formed?
no
A+B cloudy yes no
blue
A+C blue clear no no
A+D colourless clear no no
B+C colourless clear no no
B+D colourless clear no yes
C+D
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We use a _______________
dropper to transfer a
small amount of solution in the laboratory.
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B. Heating
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In some experiments, we
may need to use a Bunsen
burner to heat substances.
Now, let us look at the

structure of a Bunsen
burner.
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Structure of a Bunsen burner

air hole
chimney  to let air in
 to direct air and rubber tubing
gas to the flame  to connect the
Bunsen burner to
the gas tap
collar
 to control
the size of  to hold the
the air hole base chimney upright
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History of Bunsen burner

The Bunsen burner was invented in
1855 by a German scientist named
Robert Bunsen (1811 – 1899). It
was used for heating in the
laboratory. Later, the design was
modified into the gas stove that
we use for cooking in the kitchen.
Robert Bunsen
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We use a _______________
Bunsen burner for heating in
the laboratory.
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Using a Bunsen burner
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Bunsen burner 1
heat-proof mat 1
tongs 1 pair
boiling tube 1
test tube rack 1
test tube holder 1
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metal 1 piece
gas lighter 1
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Part A: Lighting a Bunsen burner

1. (a) Put a Bunsen burner on a heat-proof mat.
Tightly connect the rubber tubing to the
gas tap.
Caution
• Do not put your arms or other body
parts over a lighted Bunsen burner.
• Do not touch the chimney of a
lighted Bunsen burner. It is very gas tap
hot. heat-proof mat
Tip rubber tubing
You may ask your teacher or laboratory technician
to check whether the connection is tight.
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1. (b) Turn the collar to close the air hole.
collar
air hole
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1. (c) Place the gas lighter just above the top of
the chimney. Then, press the button of the
gas lighter and slowly turn on the gas tap.
gas lighter
chimney
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gas lighter
chimney
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Caution
Your hand with a lighted
match should be lower than
the top of the chimney.
Tip
• You can also use a match to light
the Bunsen burner.
• After use, blow out the match and
put it on the heat-proof mat.
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Part B: Observing the Bunsen flame

2. Keep the air hole of the Bunsen burner
closed. The Bunsen flame you now observe is
called the luminous flame. Observe the flame
carefully. Draw the flame and write your
observations in the table.
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3. Turn the collar slowly until the air hole is half-
open. The Bunsen flame you now observe is
called the non-luminous flame. Observe the
flame carefully. Draw the flame and write
your observations in the table.
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Air hole closed Air hole open
Appearance of
the flame
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Name of the flame Luminous flame Non-luminous flame
Colour yellow blue
(yellow/blue)
irregular regular
Shape
(regular/irregular)
quiet noisy
Noise level
(quiet/noisy)
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Part C: Heating a liquid by swirling

4. Add water to a boiling tube until it is about
one-third full.
5. Use a test tube holder to hold the boiling
tube.
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6. Heat the water by swirling the boiling tube over
a non-luminous flame until the water boils.
Caution boiling
Do not point the tube
boiling tube towards
yourself or anyone else swirling test tube
during heating. holder
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7. Turn off the gas tap. Put the boiling tube into
a test tube rack.
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Part D: Heating a solid

8. Your teacher will give you a piece of metal.
Reddish Brown
What colour is the metal? _______________
9. Use a pair of tongs to hold the metal firmly.
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Part D: Heating a solid

10. Heat the metal with a non-luminous flame for
half a minute.
What colour does tongs
the metal become?
_______________
Black
metal
Caution
Do not touch the heated metal
sample with bare hands.
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Strike back
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When we light a Bunsen burner, sometimes it

may strike back if the air hole is fully open.
You will observe a green flame and hear a
hissing sound.
You should turn off the gas

tap immediately and inform
your teacher. Do not touch
the chimney and the collar
as they are very hot!
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When we light a Bunsen burner, sometimes it

may strike back if the air hole is fully open.
You will observe a green flame and hear a
hissing sound.
Before lighting a Bunsen

burner, we must always
remember to close the air
hole.
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• Key steps in lighting a Bunsen burner:

1. Connect the rubber tubing to the gas tap.
2. Close the air hole.
3. Place a gas lighter just above the top of
the chimney.
4. Press the button of the gas lighter and
turn on the gas tap.
5. Open the air hole slowly.
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• Sometimes, _______________
strike back may occur
if the air hole is fully open when lighting a
Bunsen burner.
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Determining which
Bunsen flame is hotter
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measuring cylinder (100 cm3) 1

Bunsen burner 1
heat-proof mat 1
tripod 1
wire gauze 1
Beaker (250 cm3) 2
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stand and clamp 1

thermometer 1
stopwatch 1
gas lighter 1
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1. Add 100 cm3 of water to a beaker.
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2. Set up the apparatus as shown below.

stand
Caution thermometer
Do not clamp the
thermometer too
clamp
tightly. Otherwise, you
will break it.
beaker
water wire gauze
tripod
Bunsen
burner
heat-proof
mat
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3. Heat the water with a luminous flame.

Measure the temperature of water with the
thermometer every half minute for three
minutes. Record your data.
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4. Repeat Steps 1 to 3 with a non-luminous

flame and a different beaker of water. Make a
table to present your data.
Caution
Do not touch the hot apparatus.
This can result in heat burns.
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Results
Luminous flame:
Time (min) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Temperature (°C) (Answers may vary.)
Non-luminous flame:
Using a table to
(Answers may vary.) organise data
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Results
Which flame is hotter?
___________________
Non-luminous flame
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non-luminous (blue)
luminous (yellow) flame
flame
irregular in shape regular in shape
quiet noisy
lower temperature higher temperature
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1.10 e-Checkpoint 1.10
1. Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false

statement.
(a) When we light a Bunsen burner, we
F
should first turn on the gas tap.
(b) The Bunsen burner may strike back
T
when the air hole is fully open.
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1. Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false

statement.
(c) We usually use a non-luminous flame
T
for heating.
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2. Arrange the following steps for lighting a

Bunsen burner in the correct order.
(a) Place a gas lighter just above the top of the
chimney.
(b) Open the air hole slowly.
(c) Press the button of the gas lighter and turn on the
gas tap.
(d) Close the air hole.
(e) Put the Bunsen burner on a heat-proof mat.
(f) Connect the rubber tubing to the gas tap. Make
sure
Aristothe
1.1connection is tight.
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Slide 72/72
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2. Arrange the following steps for lighting a

Bunsen burner in the correct order.
Correct order:
_____
e  _____
f  _____
d  _____
a  _____
c  _____
b
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Aristo 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Slide 73/72

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1 Introducing Science 中 /EN

A.Transferring and mixing solutions

When we transfer a large amount of

When we transfer a small amount of

A dropper helps us control the amount

Experiment 1.9 Watch the Expt. video

Experiment 1.9 Watch the Expt. video

Material and apparatus

Experiment 1.9 Watch the Expt. video

1. Slowly pour some coloured solution from a

Experiment 1.9 Watch the Expt. video

2. (a) Gently squeeze the rubber bulb of a

Experiment 1.9 Watch the Expt. video

2. (b) Then, lower the dropper into the coloured

Experiment 1.9 Watch the Expt. video

2. (c) Remove any excess droplets from the tip

Experiment 1.9 Watch the Expt. video

2. (d) Place the dropper at the mouth of an

empty test tube

Experiment 1.9 Watch the Expt. video

3. Practise this several times until you can do it

Experiment 1.9 Watch the Expt. video

When we need to mix two or more solutions

When we need to mix two or more solutions

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

#1, 7, 13, #2, 8, 14, #3, 9, 15,

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

Material and apparatus

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

1. Your teacher will give you four reagent bottles

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

2. Label four empty test tubes A to D. Pour a

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

3. Now, you are going to mix solution A with

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

3. (b) Then, use another dropper to transfer 10

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

3. (c) Mix the solutions using one of the

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

3. (d) Observe the mixed solution carefully.

clear solution cloudy solution solids formed bubbles formed

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

4. Repeat Step 3 with other pairs of solutions

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

4. Repeat Step 3 with other pairs of solutions

Experiment 1.10 Watch the Expt. video

Now, let us look at the

Structure of a Bunsen burner

History of Bunsen burner

Experiment 1.11 Watch the Expt. video

Using a Bunsen burner

Experiment 1.11 Watch the Expt. video

Material and apparatus

Experiment 1.11 Watch the Expt. video

Material and apparatus

Experiment 1.11 Watch the Expt. video

Part A: Lighting a Bunsen burner

Experiment 1.11 Watch the Expt. video

Part A: Lighting a Bunsen burner

Experiment 1.11 Watch the Expt. video

Part A: Lighting a Bunsen burner

Experiment 1.11 Watch the Expt. video

Part A: Lighting a Bunsen burner