E Classroom: Slide 1/109

2 Water 中 /EN
Flipped classroom
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2.1 The water cycle
Water is one of the most abundant resources
on Earth…
Will the Earth’s
supply of water
be used up?
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2.1 The water cycle
Before answering these questions, we

need to understand the changes in the
physical states of water…
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2.1 The water cycle
A. Change in the
physical states of water
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2.1 The water cycle
What are the physical states of water?
Water can exist in three physical states.
Solid Liquid Gas

ice water water vapour
or steam
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2.1 The water cycle
Some of the physical states of water can be

found in this photo. Can you identify them?
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2.1 The water cycle
Have you noticed the following changes

of water in daily life?
Water changes to ice when

we place it in a freezer.
Water changes to steam

when it boils.
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2.1 The water cycle
Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video
Measuring temperatures
as ice changes to steam
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2.1 The water cycle
Material and apparatus

beaker (250 cm3 ) 1
thermometer 1
stand and clamp 1
Bunsen burner 1
tripod 1
wire gauze 1
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2.1 The water cycle
heat-proof mat 1
gas lighter 1
glass rod 1
stopwatch 1
crushed ice
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2.1 The water cycle
1. Set up the apparatus as shown below.
boiling tube
Caution
• Do not clamp the thermometer crushed
wire
and the boiling tube too tightly. gauze ice
Otherwise, you will break them.
• Bunsen tripod
After the experiment, allow the
burner
beaker to cool before removing
it from the tripod.
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2.1 The water cycle
1. Set up the apparatus as shown below.
boiling tube
Tip
To make an accurate wire crushed
measurement, make sure the gauze ice
bulb of the thermometer is Bunsen tripod
completely immersed in the burner
crushed ice and it does not touch
the bottom of the beaker.
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2.1 The water cycle
2. Heat the beaker of ice with a gentle blue

flame.
3. Record the reading of the thermometer every
minute until the ice has been heated to boiling
water. After the water starts to boil, continue
to record the temperature for two minutes.
Draw a table in the space on the next slide to
organize the experimental data.
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2.1 The water cycle
Tip
Each time you record the temperature of the water,
stir it with a glass rod to make sure that the
temperature is the same throughout the water.
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2.1 The water cycle
4. Plot a graph to show how the temperature

changes with time.
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2.1 The water cycle
5. (a) (i) At what temperature does the ice start to

melt?
_________________________________
About 0 °C
(ii) Does the temperature of ice change when

it melts?
No
_________________________________
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2.1 The water cycle
5. (b) (i) At what temperature does the ice start

to boil?
About 100 °C
_________________________________
(ii) Does the temperature of ice change when

it boils?
No
_________________________________
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2.1 The water cycle
How does water change its state?
Melting
The change from solid state to liquid state
is called melting.
Melting takes place at a fixed temperature.

This temperature is called the melting
point.
The melting point of ice is 0 °C.
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2.1 The water cycle
Melting
The temperature
remains unchanged
during the process of
melting.
When ice melts, it
absorbs energy from
the surroundings (e.g.
air and water).
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2.1 The water cycle
Melting
melting
ice (solid) water (liquid)
absorbs energy
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2.1 The water cycle
Freezing
The change from liquid state to solid state
is called freezing.
Freezing takes place at a fixed temperature.

This temperature is called the freezing point.
The freezing point of water is 0 °C.
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2.1 The water cycle
Freezing
The temperature
remains unchanged
freezing.
When water freezes,
it releases energy.
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2.1 The water cycle
Freezing
freezing
water (liquid) ice (solid)
releases energy
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2.1 The water cycle
Boiling and evaporation
Water can change its state from liquid to

gas through two different processes:
boiling and evaporation.
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2.1 The water cycle
Boiling
Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature.

This temperature is called the boiling point.
The boiling point of water is 100 °C.
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2.1 The water cycle
Boiling
The temperature
remains unchanged
boiling.
When water boils, it

absorbs energy.
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2.1 The water cycle
Boiling
boiling
water (liquid) steam (gas)
absorbs energy
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2.1 The water cycle
Evaporation
Evaporation of water can take place at any
temperature.
evaporation
(at any temperature)
water (liquid) water vapour (gas)
absorbs energy
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2.1 The water cycle
Examples of evaporation
Wet clothes become dry as When we get out of the water,

water evaporates. we feel cold because water on
our skin evaporates and
absorbs energy from our
bodies.
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2.1 The water cycle
Examples of evaporation
Sweating keeps our bodies cool. When water

in sweat evaporates from our skin and absorbs
energy from our bodies.
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2.1 The water cycle
Condensation
Water can change its state from gas to liquid
through condensation.
When the water vapour in air comes into
contact with cold surfaces, it condenses
into water, forming water droplets on the
surfaces.
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2.1 The water cycle
Examples of condensation
water droplets
Steam condenses on the
cold surface of the glass lid
and forms water droplets.
water droplets
On the outside of a cold drink,

water vapour condenses into
water droplets.
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2.1 The water cycle
Condensation
When water vapour or steam condenses into
water, it releases energy.
water vapour condensation

water
or steam (gas) releases energy
(liquid)
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2.1 The water cycle
The change in states of water is summarised below.

heating
boiling /
evaporation (at any
melting temperature)
steam or
ice water
water vapour
freezing condensation
cooling
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2.1 The water cycle
Steam is invisible
When water boils into steam, a ‘white mist’
forms above the boiling water. The ‘white mist’
is not steam. It is actually
tiny water droplets
condensed near the
steam. Both steam and
water vapour are invisible.
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2.1 The water cycle
2.1 e-Checkpoint 2.1
1. Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false

statement.
(a) Ice melts into water at the same T
temperature as water freezes into ice.
(b) Water can change its state from liquid
T
to gas through evaporation or boiling.
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2.1 The water cycle
1. Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false

statement.
(c) Water evaporates at a fixed F
temperature.
(d) When water vapour condenses, it
F
changes to ice.
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2.1 The water cycle
2. The following examples involve a change in

the phydical state of water. Complete each
sentence to explain what happens.
(a) A wet road becomes dry
soon after a rain. This is
because the water
evaporates to
(i)___________
water vapour
form(ii) ___________.
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2.1 The water cycle
(b) When people who wear glasses drink hot

water, their glasses fog up. This is because
water vapour rising from the hot water
(i)___________
condenses to
(ii)___________
form (iii)___________
water
on the glasses.
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2.1 The water cycle
B. What is water cycle?
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2.1 The water cycle
Why does the Earth have almost the

same amount of water as it had
millions of years ago?
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2.1 The water cycle
It is because……
Water on Earth keeps changing between its

physical states – solid, liquid and gas.
In Nature, water goes through a cycle called

the water cycle.
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2.1 The water cycle
What is water cycle?
energy from
the Sun
1 evaporation
Evaporation: Energy from the Sun powers the water cycle.
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2.1 The water cycle
energy from
the Sun
water vapour
1 evaporation
Evaporation: Water in seas, rivers and on land absorbs the energy

from the Sun and evaporates to form water vapour.
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2.1 The water cycle
energy from
the Sun
water vapour
1 evaporation
Evaporation: The water vapour is then carried upwards by warm

air beneath it.
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2.1 The water cycle
2 condensation
1 evaporation
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2.1 The water cycle
2 condensation
Condensation: Higher in the sky, the colder air cools the water
vapour and it condenses to form water droplets,
which join to form cloud.
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2.1 The water cycle

3
2 condensation
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2.1 The water cycle

3
The clouds may be carried by wind to other places.
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2.1 The water cycle

3
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2.1 The water cycle
As more water vapour condenses, the water droplets in the clouds

grow larger and heavier. Eventually, they become so heavy that
they fall as rain, snow or hail.
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2.1 The water cycle
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2.1 The water cycle
energy
from the
Sun
water vapour
When the water absorbs

energy from the Sun, it
evaporates again. Hence,
the water is cycled
5 continuously.
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2.1 The water cycle
energy
condensation
from the
Sun
water vapour
evaporation
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2.1 The water cycle
Demonstration
Simulating the
formation of rain
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2.1 The water cycle
transparent plastic container 1

top pan balance 1
beaker (100 cm3) 1
tongs 1
pair
zipper bag 1
metal dish 1
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2.1 The water cycle
table lamp 1
pebbles
hot water
food colouring
ice cubes
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2.1 The water cycle
1. Your teacher will build a model (by following

the steps as described below) that simulates
parts of the water cycle.
(a) Warm some pebbles in an oven.
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2.1 The water cycle
(b) Put a transparent plastic container on a top

pan balance. Then, put the hot pebbles into
the plastic container.
transparent plastic
container
hot pebbles
top pan balance
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2.1 The water cycle
(b) Add hot water to the plastic container until

the water just covers the pebbles. Add a few
drops of food colouring to the hot water.
transparent plastic
Caution
container
Handle the hot pebbles and hot
water with care.
coloured hot water

hot pebbles
top pan balance
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2.1 The water cycle
(c) Put a beaker inside the plastic container to

collect the ‘rain’ formed.
transparent plastic
Caution
container
Handle the hot pebbles and hot
beaker water with care.
coloured hot water

hot pebbles
top pan balance
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2.1 The water cycle
(d) Put a zipper bag of ice cubes on a metal dish

placed on top of the plastic container as
zipper bag of ice cubes
shown below.
transparent plastic metal dish
container
beaker
coloured hot water

hot pebbles
top pan balance
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2.1 The water cycle
(e) Put a table lamp next to the top pan balance.

zipper bag of ice cubes
transparent plastic metal dish
container
beaker
coloured hot water table lamp

hot pebbles
top pan balance
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2.1 The water cycle
2. At the beginning of the experiment, record the

reading on the top pan balance in the table
below. Then, turn on the lamp and shine the
light at the plastic container.
Beginning of the After 10 minutes

experiment
Mass (Answers may vary.)
(g)
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2.1 The water cycle
3. Observe what happens inside the plastic

container carefully.
(a) What do you observe?
______________________________
Water droplets formed/condensed on the bottom of
______________________________
the metal dish. As these water droplets grow in size,
______________________________
they become so heavy that they fall down.
(b) What is the colour of the ‘rain’?

______________________________
Colourless
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2.1 The water cycle
3. (c) After 10 minutes, record the reading on

the top pan balance in the table below.
Beginning of the After 10 minutes
experiment
Mass (g) (Answers may vary.)
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2.1 The water cycle
Discussion
1. What is the purpose of the table lamp?
________________________________
To supply energy (heat) for the evaporation of water
2. What is the purpose of the ice cubes?

________________________________
To keep the metal dish cold enough for water vapour
________________________________
to condense
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2.1 The water cycle
Discussion
3. Explain how ‘rain’ is formed in this experiment.
(Hint: You may use these words: heat,
evaporate, condense, water vapour, water
drops.)
When the table lamp heats the water in the container,
the water evaporates to form water vapour. Then, it
_______________________________________
cooled by the metal dish and condenses into water drops.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
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2.1 The water cycle
Discussion
4. Explain what you observed in Step 3(b).
_______________________________________
As water evaporates, the food colouring stays behind.
Therefore, the ‘rain’ is colourless.
_______________________________________
5. Does this simulation demonstrate that the water
cycle keeps the total amount of water on Earth
constant? Explain your answer.
_______________________________________
Yes, because the mass of the set-up is similar before and
after the experiment.
_______________________________________
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2.1 The water cycle
Water __________
evaporates to become
__________.
water vapour Then, it is carried
upwards by warm air.
Water in seas, rivers, Water vapour cools

etc. absorbs the Water cycle condenses
and __________,
energy from the Sun. forming clouds.
Water droplets fall from

clouds as rain, snow or hail.
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2.1 The water cycle
Understanding change and constancy in the water

cycle
The water cycle is a natural process. It can help us
understand the ‘change and constancy’ found in
Nature. In the water cycle, water changes from one
physical state to another through the processes of
evaporation and condensation. The water cycle
keeps the total water on Earth constant.
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2.1 The water cycle
Arrange the following sentences to describe the

water cycle in the correct order.
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2.1 The water cycle
(a) Warm air carries water vapour upwards.

(b) As water droplets in the clouds grow larger, they fall
as rain.
(c) Energy from the Sun causes water to evaporate
from oceans, rivers and land surfaces.
(d) The water droplets join to form clouds.
(e) As the upper sky is cooler, water vapour condenses
to form water droplets.
a  ____
c  ____
Correct order: ____ e ____
d ____
b
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2.1 The water cycle
Extension
C. Factors affecting the
rate of evaporation
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2.1 The water cycle
Bathroom
In which of these places
will the wet clothes dry
more quickly?
Extension
Living room Balcony
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2.1 The water cycle
Bathroom
To find out the answer,
we need to know the
factors affecting the
rate of evaporation.
Extension
Living room Balcony
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2.1 The water cycle
Investigating the
Extension
factors affecting the
rate of evaporation
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2.1 The water cycle

filter paper 8 pieces
Extension
white tile 8
dropper 1
stopwatch 1
table lamp 1
plastic box 2
beaker (100 cm3) 3
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2.1 The water cycle

watch glass 1
Extension
dry cobalt chloride paper 2
portable fan 1
cling film 1 piece
scissors 1 pair
clip 2
warm water
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2.1 The water cycle
Part A: How does temperature affect the rate of

evaporation?
Extension
I. Hypothesis
When the temperature is higher, the
increses
rate of evaporation _______________.
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2.1 The water cycle
II. Variable table

Identify the variables in the fair test.
Independent variable Dependent variable Controlled variables
Extension
(the only variable that is (the variable to be (variables that are kept the
changed) measured) same)
Put a ‘✓’ in the appropriate
box.
amount of water ✓
temperature time taken for each piece
temperature
of filter paper to dry
humidity ✓
airflow ✓
surface area exposed ✓
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2.1 The water cycle
III. Procedure
1. Label two pieces of filter paper of the same
Extension
size as X and Y. Put the pieces of filter paper
on two separate white tiles.
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2.1 The water cycle
2. Add two drops of water to each piece of filter

paper.
Extension
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2.1 The water cycle
3. Put X on one side of the bench and Y

under a table lamp. Record the time each
Extension
piece of filter paper takes to dry.
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2.1 The water cycle
IV. Results
X Y
Extension
Time taken (s) (Answers may vary.)
1. Which piece dries more quickly?

_________________________________
Y
2. Do the results support the hypothesis?
If not, what should you do next?
_________________________________
Yes/No. I should modify my hypothesis.
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2.1 The water cycle
Part B: How does humidity affect the rate of

evaporation?
Extension
I. Hypothesis
When the humidity is higher, the rate of
decreases
evaporation _______________.
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2.1 The water cycle
II. Variable table

Extension
box.
amount of water ✓
humidity time taken for each piece temperature ✓
humidity
airflow ✓
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2.1 The water cycle
III. Procedure
1. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 of Part A.
Extension
filter papers
X Y
white tiles
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2.1 The water cycle
2. Set up the apparatus as shown below. Put X inside

a closed plastic box with a beaker of warm water
covered with a piece of cling film. Put Y inside a
Extension
closed plastic box with an uncovered beaker of
warm water.
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2.1 The water cycle
2. Which piece is in a condition with higher

humidity?
Extension
Y
_________________________________
Tip
The water vapour from air can turn dry cobalt
chloride paper from blue to pink. Observe how long
it takes for the papers to turn pink. The shorter the
time it takes, the larger amount of water vapour is
present in air.
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2.1 The water cycle
3. Measure time with a stopwatch. Record the

time each piece of filter paper takes to dry.
Extension
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2.1 The water cycle
IV. Results
X Y
Extension

_________________________________
X
_________________________________
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2.1 The water cycle
Part C: How does wind affect the rate of

evaporation?
Extension
I. Hypothesis
When there is more airflow, the rate of
________________________________
evaporation increases.
________________________________
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2.1 The water cycle
II. Variable table

Extension
box.
amount of water ✓
airflow time taken for each piece temperature ✓
humidity ✓
airflow
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2.1 The water cycle
III. Procedure
1. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 of Part A.
Extension
filter papers
X Y
white tiles
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2.1 The water cycle
2. Use clips to hold the filter papers. Put X in still

air and Y under wind from a portable fan.
Extension
portable fan
X Y
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2.1 The water cycle
3. Measure time with a stopwatch. Record the

time each piece of filter paper takes to dry.
Extension
portable fan
X Y
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2.1 The water cycle
IV. Results
X Y
Extension

_________________________________
Y
_________________________________
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2.1 The water cycle
Part D: How does the surface area exposed

affect the rate of evaporation?
Extension
In this part, you will design a fair test to
find out how the surface area exposed
affects the rate of evaporation.
I. Hypothesis
________________________________
When the surface area exposed is larger,
the rate of evaporation increases.
________________________________
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 99/109
2.1 The water cycle
II. Material and apparatus

You are provided with the following
materials and apparatus:
Extension
• two pieces of filter paper
• two white tiles
• a dropper
• a beaker
• a stopwatch
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 100/109

2.1 The water cycle
III. Variable table

Extension
box.
amount of water ✓
surface area time taken for each piece temperature ✓
exposed of filter paper to dry
humidity ✓
airflow ✓
surface area exposed
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 101/109

2.1 The water cycle
IV. Procedure
Briefly write the procedure for the fair test on
Extension
the lines below. The first step has been done for
you. Also, draw a labelled diagram to show your
set-up.
1. Label two pieces of filter paper of the same
size as X and Y.
2. Put the filter paper on two separate white tiles.
__________________________________
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 102/109

2.1 The water cycle
3. Add two drops of water to each piece of filter paper.

______________________________________
4. ______________________________________
Leave X unfolded. Fold Y.
5.
Extension
______________________________________
Measure the time with a stopwatch. Record the time
each piece of filter paper takes to dry.
______________________________________
filter papers
X Y
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 103/109

2.1 The water cycle
V. Results
Perform the fair test with your teacher’s
Extension
approval. Record your results in the box below.
X Y
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 104/109

2.1 The water cycle
Conclusion
From all the results of this experiment, it can
be concluded that the rate of evaporation
Extension
increases when:
(Put a ‘✓’ in the appropriate box.)
(a) ✓ the temperature is higher
the temperature is lower
(b) the humidity is higher
✓ the humidity is lower
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 105/109
2.1 The water cycle
Conclusion
From all the results of this experiment, it can be
concluded that the rate of evaporation
Extension
increases when:
(Put a ‘✓’ in the appropriate box.)
(c) ✓ there is more airflow
there is less airflow
(d) ✓ the surface area exposed is larger
the surface area exposed is less
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 106/109
2.1 The water cycle
The rate of evaporation increases when
Extension
• the temperature is ___________.
higher
• the humidity is ___________.
lower
• there is ___________
more airflow.
• the surface area exposed is___________.
larger
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 107/109

2.1 The water cycle
Based on your understanding of the rate of

evaporation, answer the following questions.
Extension
(a) Give TWO reasons to
explain why wet hands
dry more quickly under
a warm-air hand dryer.
___________________
There is more airflow and
the temperature is higher.
___________________
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 108/109
2.1 The water cycle
Based on your understanding of the rate of

evaporation, answer the following questions.
Extension
(b) Why should we keep
our palms flat when
using a hand dryer?
__________________
This is because the surface
area exposed is larger.
__________________
Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 109/109

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2 Water 中 /EN

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 1/109

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 2/109

Before answering these questions, we

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 3/109

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 4/109

What are the physical states of water?

Water can exist in three physical states.

Solid Liquid Gas

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 5/109

Some of the physical states of water can be

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 6/109

Have you noticed the following changes

Water changes to ice when

Water changes to steam

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 7/109

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 8/109

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

Material and apparatus

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 9/109

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

Material and apparatus

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 10/109

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

1. Set up the apparatus as shown below.

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 11/109

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

1. Set up the apparatus as shown below.

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 12/109

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

2. Heat the beaker of ice with a gentle blue

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 13/109

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 14/109

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

4. Plot a graph to show how the temperature

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 15/109

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

5. (a) (i) At what temperature does the ice start to

(ii) Does the temperature of ice change when

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 16/109

Experiment 2.1 Watch the Expt. video

5. (b) (i) At what temperature does the ice start

(ii) Does the temperature of ice change when

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 17/109

How does water change its state?

Melting takes place at a fixed temperature.

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 18/109

How does water change its state?

How does water change its state?

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 20/109

How does water change its state?

Freezing takes place at a fixed temperature.

The freezing point of water is 0 °C.

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 21/109

How does water change its state?

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 22/109

How does water change its state?

Aristo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Slide 23/109

How does water change its state?

Boiling and evaporation

Water can change its state from liquid to