Chapter 1

Introduction
to Wireless Communication and
Mobile Computing
Introduction to Wireless Communication and Mobile
Computing

• Revolutionized the way we communicate,

access information, and interact with the
digital world.
• This field encompasses technologies,
protocols, and systems.
• The integration of wireless communication
and mobile computing has given rise to a
diverse range of applications and services.
 Wireless communication
• Refers to the transfer of information between
devices without the need for physical wired
connections.
• It relies on electromagnetic waves to transmit
data over the airwaves.
• This technology has enabled the proliferation
of mobile phones, wireless internet access, and
other wireless devices such as laptops, tablets,
and smartwatches.
 Mobile computing
• A technology that allows transmission of data, voice
and video via a computer or any other wireless
enabled device.
• The use of portable computing devices that can be
carried and used while on the move.
• These devices, equipped with wireless
communication capabilities, provide users with
access to a wide range of applications and services.
• It is free from having a connection with a fixed
physical link
 Mobile computing
• The concept of Mobile Computing can be
divided into three parts:

– Mobile Communication
– Mobile Hardware
– Mobile Software
 Mobile Communication
• An infrastructure that ensures seamless and
reliable communication among wireless
devices.
• This framework ensures the consistency and
reliability of communication between wireless
devices.
• Consists of communication devices such as
protocols, services, bandwidth, and portals
necessary to facilitate and support the stated
services.
 Mobile Communication
• These devices are responsible for delivering a
smooth communication process.
• Mobile communication can be divided in the
following four types:
1.Fixed and Wired
2.Fixed and Wireless
3.Mobile and Wired
4.Mobile and Wireless
 Mobile Hardware
• Mobile hardware consists of mobile
devices or device components that can be
used to receive or access the service of
mobility.
– Examples of mobile hardware can be
smartphones, laptops, portable PCs, tablet
PCs, Personal Digital Assistants, etc.
 Mobile Software
• Program that runs on mobile hardware.
• This is designed to deal capably with the
characteristics and requirements of mobile
applications.
• This is the operating system for the appliance
of mobile devices.
– heart of the mobile systems.
 The integration of wireless
communication and mobile computing
has given rise to a diverse range of
applications and services.
 Background
Ancient Communication Systems: Smoke
Signals, Carrier Pigeons, …
Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi, he
invented wireless telegraph in 1896.
Marconi sent telegraphic signals across the
Atlantic Ocean from Cornwall to St. John's
New found land; a distance of about 3200 km.
His invention allowed two parties to
communicate by sending each other
alphanumeric characters encoded in an analog
signal.
 Cont…
 Advances in wireless technologies have led to
the radio, television, mobile telephone, and
satellite communications.
 Many sophisticated military radio systems
were developed during and after WW2
 Great deal of attention has been focused on
satellite communications, wireless
networking, and cellular technology.
 Cont…
 Communications satellites were first launched
in the 1960s.
 The cellular or mobile telephone is the
modern equivalent of Marconi's wireless
telegraph, offering two-party, two-way
communication.
 The first-generation wireless phones used
analog technology.
 Cont…
 The current generation of wireless devices is
built using digital technology.
 Digital networks carry much more traffic
and provide better reception and security
than analog networks.
 The following figure shows Some Milestones
in Wireless Communications.
Cont…
 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
The wireless communication era was born with
the development of highly reliable radio
frequency hardware.
First Mobile telephone service was introduced in
25 major American cities in 1946.
During the 1950s and 1960s many
telecommunication companies throughout the
world developed the theory and techniques of
cellular radiotelephony.
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) was the
first US cellular telephone system deployed in
1983.
 Cont…
 In late 1991 the first US digital cellular (USDC)
system hardware was installed in major US
cities.
 The World’s first cellular system was
implemented by the Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph (NTT) in Japan in 1979.
 The pan European digital cellular standard GSM
(Global System for Mobile) first deployed in
1990.
 the figure below shows the growth of mobile
telephony as compared to other popular
inventions of this century.
Cont…
 Mobile Radio Systems around the World
 AMPS – Advanced mobile phone System
 USDC – US digital Cellular
 CDPC – Cellular Digital Packet
Communication
 IS-95 – Interim Standard - 95
 GSC – Golay Sequential Coding
 POCSAG – Post Office Code Standard
Advisory Group
 FLEX – 4-level FSK-based paging standard
developed by Motorola
 Cont…
 DCS – 1900 - Digital Communication System 1900
 GSM – Global system for Mobile Communication
 PACS – Personal Access Communication System
 MIRS – Motorola’s integrated radio system
 ETACS – European Total Access Cellular System
 NMT– Nordic Mobile Telephone system
 C-45 – Cellular Standard 45
 ERMES - European Radio Message System
 CT2 – cordless telephone 2
 Cont…
 DECT – Digital European Cordless Telephone
 JTACS – Japanese Total Access Communication
System
 PDC – Pacific Digital Cellular
 NTT – Nippon Telephone and Telegraph
 NTACS – Narrowband total Access Communication
System
 PHS – Personal Handy phone System
•Major Mobile Radio Standard in North American
Cont..
• Major Mobile Radio Standard in Europe
•Major Mobile Radio Standard in Japan
Wireless Communication systems
1. Hand-held walkie-talkies
2. Paging systems
3. Cordless telephone systems
4. Cellular telephones
5. Wireless LANs
6. Garage door openers
7. Remote controllers
8. Bluetooth
9. Microwave communication
10. Satellite communications
 Terms
1. Base Station:-
• A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for
radio communication with mobile stations.
• Base stations are located at the center or on the
edge of a coverage region and consist of radio
channels and transmitter and receiver antennas
mounted on a tower.
2. Control Channel:-
• Radio channels used for transmission of call
setup, call request, call initiation, and other beacon
or control purposes.
 Cont…
Forward Channel:- Radio channel used for
transmission of information from the base station to
the mobile.
Reverse Channel:- Radio channel used for
transmission of information from the mobile to base
station.
Handoff:- The process of transferring a mobile
station from one channel or base station to another.
Mobile Station:- A station in the cellular radio service
intended for use while in motion at unspecified locations.
Mobile stations may be hand-held personal units
(portables) or installed in vehicles (mobiles).
 Cont…
Mobile Switching center:- Switching which
coordinates the routing of calls in a large
Center service area.
In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects
the cellular base stations and the mobiles to
the PSTN.
Page :- A brief message which is broadcast
over the entire service area, usually in a
simulcast fashion by many base stations at the
same time.
 Cont…
 Roamer:- A mobile station which operates in a
service area (market) other than that from which
service has been subscribed.
 Subscriber:- A user who pays subscription
charges for using a mobile communication
system.
 Transceiver:- A device capable of
simultaneously transmitting and receiving radio
signals.
Classification of mobile radio transmission system

1. Simplex:- communication in only one

direction
2. Half-duplex:- same radio channel for both
transmission and reception (push-to-talk,
release-to-listen)
3. Full-duplex:- simultaneous radio transmission
and reception (FDD, TDD)