Chapter 3

Getting the Most out of C

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INTEGER DATA TYPES

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INTEGER DATA TYPES

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INTEGER DATA TYPES

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BOOLEAN DATA TYPES

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MIXING DATA TYPES

 The condition in the if statement above may at first appear to always be true .
 In fact, however, the condition is always false

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MIXING DATA TYPES

 Conversions are considered to be either.

 Promotion (assigning an integer value to a floating-point variable)
 Demotion (assigning floating-point value to an integer variable, or a 32-bit integer value to an 8-bit
char)
 Conversions may be.
 Implicitly (double gpa = 4 ;)
 Explicitly (double gpa = (double) 4 ;)

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MANIPULATING BITS IN MEMORY

 Small embedded systems also pack data.

 Manipulation of these bits is implemented using C’s bitwise operators.

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MANIPULATING BITS IN MEMORY

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MANIPULATING BITS IN MEMORY

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Testing Bits

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Setting, Clearing, and Inverting Bits

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Setting, Clearing, and Inverting Bits

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Extracting Bits

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Inserting Bits

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MANIPULATING BITS IN INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS

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Write-Only I/O Devices

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I/O Devices Differentiated by Reads Versus Writes

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I/O Devices Differentiated by Sequential Access

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I/O Devices Differentiated by Sequential Access

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I/O Devices Differentiated by Bits in the Written Data

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ACCESSING MEMORY-MAPPED I/O DEVICES

 Some of the unused memory addresses can be assigned to I/O devices.

 Data written to a specific memory address is sent as a command to a particular I/O device
 Data read from that same address might provide the current status of the device.
 Example.
 The color-display buffer is mapped to memory starting at address
 Each character position is assigned two bytes

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Accessing Data Using a Pointer

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Arrays, Pointers, and the “Address of” Operator

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Arrays, Pointers, and the “Address of” Operator

 We can access our display buffer as an array by initializing a pointer to the base
address of the display buffer and then applying subscripting:

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Arrays, Pointers, and the “Address of” Operator

 It would be nicer to use one subscript for row, a second for column, and a third to
differentiate between the ASCII and attribute bytes of the character cell.

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STRUCTURES

 a structure is an aggregate data type composed of several distinct members.

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STRUCTURES

 Structure members may be used like regular variables.

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Packed Structures

 The compiler may align structure members on word boundaries for faster access
time.

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Packed Structures

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Packed Structures

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Bit Fields

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Bit Fields

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VARIANT ACCESS

 Casting the address of an object.

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Using Unions

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