SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Ramapuram, Chennai – 600 089

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

19CSP109L-MAJOR PROJECT
Channel Modeling with Rayleigh Fading for Machine Learning-Based Multi-
UAV Deployment in Uplink Traffic Sizing and Offloading

BATCH NUMBER : 05

Team Members Supervisor

Mohammed Afthab N Mrs.Swathi
(RA2011003020251) AP/CSE
Sri Vignesh C (RA2011003020241) SRMIST Ramapuram
Dhanush B (RA2011003020235)

Date Slide Number

 Agenda
• Abstract
• Scope and Motivation
• Introduction
• Literature Survey ( Table)
• Objective
• Problem Statement
• Proposed Work
• Architecture Diagram/Flow Diagram/Block Diagram
• Novel idea
• Modules
• Module Description
• Software & Hardware Requirements
• Implementation (Demo to be shown)
• Intermediate Results if any( Atleast 30% implementation should be shown)
• References
• Way forward towards Outcome (Research Paper/Patent)
• Status of Paper Submission/ Patent Filing

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 ABSTRACT
In wireless communication systems, the deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as temporary base
stations to offload excess traffic from terrestrial base stations has become an increasingly popular solution for
improving network capacity and coverage. However, existing methods often rely on simplistic deployment
strategies, such as placing UAVs at the cell edges, which may not effectively address the dynamic nature of
traffic demands and propagation conditions. This approach limits the system's ability to adapt to non-line-of-
sight (NLOS) propagation effects and may lead to suboptimal resource allocation and network performance.

This project work uses machine learning-based approaches to present an optimum approach for UAV
deployment that overcomes these restrictions. It also adds the notion of Rayleigh fading channels to accurately
model NLOS propagation effects. Our system dynamically modifies UAV-mounted base station placements
based on current traffic demands and channel conditions by utilizing reinforcement learning algorithms.
Furthermore, by include Rayleigh fading channels, multipath propagation can be represented more realistically,
improving network performance and the system's ability to adjust to changing environmental conditions.
Simulation results show that by efficiently managing resources and reducing the effects of NLOS propagation,
our suggested solution outperforms current approaches, improving network capacity and reliability in wireless
communication systems and also introduces a novel approach tailored to optimize the deployment of UAV-
mounted base stations (BSs) for efficient traffic offloading in wireless communication networks. By
considering diverse traffic scenarios, including Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and Massive Machine-
Type Communications (mMTC), the proposed approach aims to maximize the utilization of resources and
improve network performance.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 Scope and Motivation
Scope
• Developing an optimized UAV deployment strategy for temporary wireless coverage during events and
emergencies.
• Incorporating realistic channel modeling, specifically Rayleigh fading, to accurately simulate non-line-of-
sight (NLOS) propagation.
• Implementing a dynamic UAV deployment algorithm based on machine learning techniques to adapt to
changing environmental conditions.
• Evaluating the performance of the deployment strategy under various scenarios, including urban
environments with tall buildings and obstacles.

Motivation
• The project's main goal is to reduce traffic congestion in wireless networks by using base stations (BSs)
installed on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The goal is to effectively offload data and reduce
congestion by strategically placing UAVs, especially in scenarios with variable demands like Enhanced
Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC).
• Our goal is to improve the efficiency and realism of our deployment algorithms by introducing Rayleigh
fading channels into UAV deployment simulations. With this method, we can more fully comprehend how
multipath propagation affects signal strength and adjust the positioning of UAVs accordingly.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
 Introduction
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with base station capabilities are a viable answer to temporary communication
needs in dynamic environments in the field of wireless communication. However, overcoming obstacles linked to
complicated channel characteristics, variable network needs, and environmental unpredictability is necessary to
optimize the deployment of UAVs for temporary coverage. These dynamic situations may be too much for
traditional static deployment procedures to handle, thus new techniques that maximize resource efficiency and
flexibility in real-time are required. Our thesis presents a novel framework to dynamically optimize UAV
deployment for transient wireless coverage by fusing realistic Rayleigh fading channel modeling with state-of-the-
art machine learning algorithms. Our method gives unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) the ability to make adaptive
deployment decisions based on ongoing evaluations of the network's performance and the surrounding
environment, guaranteeing optimal coverage and efficiency even in unanticipated circumstances.

Our project includes Accurate Rayleigh fading channel modeling, which reflects the complex impacts of multipath
propagation and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, is a key component of our methodology. By offering a more
accurate depiction of the wireless propagation environment, this integration improves the authenticity of our
deployment tactics. Furthermore, by utilizing sophisticated traffic estimating methods like the autoregressive
integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, it is possible to precisely predict the demands for extra traffic, which
enables the strategic deployment of UAVs to satisfy changing communication needs. Our study aims to show the
applicability of our approach in real-world scenarios like catastrophe management, emergency response, and event
coverage. We aim to demonstrate the efficacy and versatility of our UAV deployment techniques by creating
transient communication networks in difficult locations, paving theway for more resilient and efficient wireless
networks in the future.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
 Literature Survey
S.No. Title of the Paper Year Journal/Conference Inferences
Name

1 Machine Learning-Based Multi-
UAV Deployment: A Survey
2023 IEEE Sensors Journal The paper highlights onn machine
learning techniques for multi-UAV
deployment and analyzes swarm
intelligence, deep reinforcement
learning, and evolutionary
algorithms

2 An optimized LTE-based 2023 IEEE Transactions on The paper presents an optimized

technique for drone base station
dynamic 3D placement and
resource allocation in
delaysensitive M2M networks
Mobile Computing
technique for dynamic 3D
placement and resource allocation
of UAV base stations in delay-
sensitive M2M networks by
utilizing an LTE-based approach.

3 Performance Enhancement of 2023 International Conference in This paper presents an

UAV-Assisted Wireless Advances in Power, Signal, amalgamation of coding and spatial
Communication Using the MVC and Information diversity in wireless
Channel Estimation Algorithm Technology (APSIT) communications, focusing on
in a Diamond-Shaped Network UAVs, for impactful solutions.
Topology Utilizes Alamouti Space-Time
Block Codes (STBCs) with
diversity and many antennas for
improved performance in fading
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND wireless channels.
ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
 Literature Survey
S.No. Title of the Paper
4 Implementation of Polar Codes
Over Multipath Rayleigh Fading
Channel Using Channel
Transformation
Year Journal/Conference Inferences
Name
2023 Implementation of Polar This paper presents the
Codes Over Multipath implementation of polar codes over
Rayleigh Fading Channel Rayleigh fading multipath channels
Using Channel using a channel transformation
Transformation technique. The technique utilizes
the channel impulse response
vector to create a Toeplitz matrix,
which is decomposed to convert the
fading channel into an AWGN
channel.

5 BER Performance using BPSK
Modulation over Rayleigh and
Rician Fading Channel
2022 International Conference on
Communication Systems
and Network Technologies
(CSNT)
This paper presents a comparison
of the performance of mobile
communication systems over
Rayleigh and Rician fading
channels in terms of bit error rate
(BER). BPSK modulation is
utilized for its efficiency in power
consumption.

6 Predictive deployment of UAV 2021 IEEE Transactions on
base stations in wireless Wireless Communications
networks: Machine learning
meets contract theory
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
This paper combines machine
learning and contract theory for
predictive deployment of UAV base
stations in wireless networks.
 Literature Survey
S.No. Title of the Paper
7 Multi-agent DRL for task
offloading and resource
allocation in multi-UAV enabled
IoT edge network
8 Collaborative computation
offloading and resource
allocation in multiUAV-assisted
IoT networks : A deep
reinforcement learning approach
9 Predictive deployment of UAV
base stations in wireless
networks: Machine learning
meets contract theory
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
Year Journal/Conference Inferences
Name
2021 IEEE Transactions on This paper proposes a multi-agent
Network Service deep reinforcement learning
Management approach for task offloading and
resource allocation in multi-UAV-
enabled IoT networks
2021 IEEE Internet of Things This paper applies deep
Journal reinforcement learning for
collaborative computation
offloading and resource allocation
in multi-UAV-assisted IoT
networks.
2021 IEEE Transactions on This paper combines machine
Wireless Communications learning and contract theory for
predictive deployment of UAV base
stations in wireless networks.
ENGINEERING -
 Literature Survey
S.No. Title of the Paper
10 Temporal Correlation and Long-
Term Average Performance
Analysis of Multiple UAV-Aided
Networks
Year Journal/Conference Inferences
Name
2021 IEEE Internet of Things This paper presents an analysis of
Journal multiple UAV-aided networks
considering the time-varying
channel caused by line of sight
(LOS) and nonline of sight (NLOS)
impacts, as well as UAV agility and
spatial distribution constraints. It
derives a semi-closed expression for
long-term average throughput
considering channel and topology
fluctuations, measured by
correlation coefficients of signal
and interference.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING -
 Objective
The Objective of our Work is to

1. Optimizing UAV Deployment using algorithms to strategically position UAV-mounted base stations
considering traffic patterns and network coverage.

2. Dynamic Traffic Management by devising real-time traffic management strategies that dyamically allocate
resources and adjust UAV deployment configurations based on changing network conditions and traffic
demands

3.Enhancing Network Performance by Utilizing UAV technology to improve data rates, reduce latency, and
increase reliability by deploying UAV-mounted BSs strategically to areas with high user demand or poor
coverage.

4.Enabling NLoS Solutions by Designing robust and adaptable algorithms and rayleigh fading channels that
can be deployed across various scenarios and scaled up to meet growing network demands.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 Problem Statement
The optimization of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) deployment for transient wireless communication coverage
is the main issue this research attempts to solve. When it comes to dynamically adjusting to shifting
environmental conditions, varying network demands, and unpredictable topography, conventional static
deployment solutions frequently fall short. This results in less-than-ideal coverage, inefficient use of resources,
and possible communication failures, particularly in situations where user concentrations vary and there are
difficult topographical factors.

Moreover, current implementation strategies usually do not accurately model channel properties, especially
Rayleigh fading and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation effects.

Limitations faced in existing Method

• Inefficient resource utilization: UAVs deployed inefficiently, leading to wasted energy and reduced
network capacity.
• Unreliable communication: Coverage gaps and poor signal quality hinder communication, impacting
crucial applications like emergency response, disaster relief, and remote monitoring.
• Limited scalability: Difficult to adapt deployments to evolving needs and diverse scenarios.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
Proposed Work - Flow Diagram

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
Proposed Work - Flow Diagram

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
 Proposed Work - Novelty Idea
The novelty of our work is rooted in the dynamic deployment of multiple Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAVs) within a 3D space, deviating from traditional fixed trajectories. Unlike static
UAV placements, our approach allows UAVs to navigate freely within the deployment area based
on real-time assessments of excess uplink traffic demand from users. A distinctive feature is the
utilization of our developed traffic sizing model, which accurately forecasts the traffic demand of
users.

This project is based on a novel notion that combines realistic Rayleigh fading channel modeling
with sophisticated machine learning approaches to maximize the deployment of unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs) for temporary wireless coverage in dynamic conditions. Our solution ensures
adaptive decision-making for maximum coverage and efficiency by dynamically deploying UAVs
in real-time based on ongoing assessments of environmental elements and network conditions, in
contrast to typical static deployment strategies. We improve the fidelity of our deployment tactics
by capturing the intricate effects of multipath propagation and non-line-of-sight (NLOS)
circumstances with the incorporation of precise Rayleigh fading channel models. Advanced traffic
estimating methods, such the ARIMA model, also make it possible to precisely predict the
demands of extra traffic, which guarantees that UAVs are deployed exactly where and when they
are most needed.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
 Proposed Work - Modules
The project comprises four key modules aimed at optimizing UAV deployment for transient wireless
communication coverage.

Module 1 : Data Collection

Module 2 : Channel Modeling
Module 3: Optimization Algorithm
Module 4 : Deployment Execution:

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
 Proposed Work - Module Description
The project comprises four key modules aimed at optimizing UAV deployment for transient wireless
communication coverage.
Module 1 : Data Collection
Objective : Gather data from various sources, including sensors, network databases, and environmental
monitoring systems.
Input : Environmental conditions, Network demands , Number of Base Stations
Output : Comprehensive dataset for further analysis and decision-making processes.

Module 2 : Channel Modeling

Objective: Model wireless communication channels to account for different propagation conditions.
Input :
• Determine if Line-of-Sight (LOS) conditions exist.
• Implement block fading channels and Rician factor for LOS scenarios.
• Implement Rayleigh fading channels and Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) for Non-Line-of-
Sight (NLOS) scenarios.
Output : Block Fading Channels and Rician Factor for Line of Sight Propagation
Rayleigh Fading Channels and Signal to interference Ratio for Non Line of Sight Propagation

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
 Proposed Work - Module Description
Module 3: Optimization Algorithm
Objective : Optimize UAV deployment for transient wireless communication coverage.
Input :
• Particle Swarm Optimization
• BnB Algorithm
• Q learning Model
Output :
• Utilize Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to find heuristic solutions for the Nonlinear Programming
(NLP) subproblem.
• Employ Branch and Bound (BnB) algorithm for optimal bounds determination.
• Apply Q-learning for determining UAV deployment strategies.

Module 4 : Deployment Execution:

Objective: Implement selected UAV deployment strategies in the real-world scenario.
Input : Translate decisions from the decision-making phase into actionable deployment plans.
Output: Executed UAV deployment plans leading to enhanced transient wireless communication coverage.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
 Software and Hardware Requirements
Software requirements

Programming Langauages : Python , MATLAB.

Simulation Tools : Simulink , OMNeT++
Machine Learning Libraries :TensorFlow, Keras
UAV Simulation Software: AirSim, or PX4

Hardware Requirements

Monitor : 15’’LED
Sensors and Communication : GPS, IMU Cameras
Data Storage : Hard Disk (1 TB)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
Implementation

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
Implementation

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
Implementation

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
Implementation

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
Implementation

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
Intermediate Results

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
 References
1. Machine Learning-Based Multi-UAV Deployment: A Survey - 2023
2. An optimized LTE-based technique for drone base station dynamic 3D placement and resource
allocation in delay-sensitive M2M networks - 2023
3. Performance Enhancement of UAV-Assisted Wireless Communication Using the MVC Channel
Estimation Algorithm in a Diamond-Shaped Network Topology - 2023
4. Implementation of Polar Codes Over Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel Using Channel
Transformation - 2023
5. BER Performance using BPSK Modulation over Rayleigh and Rician Fading Channel - 2022
6. Predictive deployment of UAV base stations in wireless networks: Machine learning meets contract
theory - 2021
7. Multi-agent DRL for task offloading and resource allocation in multi-UAV enabled IoT edge network
- 2021
8. Collaborative computation offloading and resource allocation in multiUAV-assisted IoT networks: A
deep reinforcement learning approach - 2021
9. Predictive deployment of UAV base stations in wireless networks: Machine learning meets contract
theory - 2021
10. Temporal Correlation and Long-Term Average Performance Analysis of Multiple UAV-Aided
Networks - 2021

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 Outcome
• The path forward involves a comprehensive approach focused on implementation, validation, refinement,
and dissemination. Initial efforts will concentrate on developing and integrating software modules for data
collection, channel modeling, optimization algorithms, and deployment execution, ensuring seamless
compatibility with UAV hardware platforms.

• Subsequent stages will entail rigorous testing through simulations and field trials to validate performance
metrics and identify areas for improvement. Continuous refinement of optimization algorithms based on
feedback will be crucial for enhancing system effectiveness and adaptability.

• Finally, documenting the methodology and sharing insights with stakeholders through research papers,
conferences, and knowledge dissemination events will facilitate broader adoption and contribute to the
advancement of UAV-based communication systems.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS
 Status of Paper Submission
As of now, the paper has been completed up to the methodology section and is intended for
submission to the International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
(IJISRT). Additionally, plans include ensuring its visibility on Google Scholar, Scribd, and
ResearchGate platforms. Further steps involve finalizing the remaining sections, such as results,
discussion, and conclusion, and then proceeding with the submission process to the intended
journal. Once published, efforts will continue to maximize its accessibility and impact through
various scholarly platforms and databases, including obtaining a DOI for the paper.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING - INTERNET OF THINGS