VII.

Discussion of
Results and
Reflection

Results and Discussions

In Writing Chapter VII – Results and Discussion

Research Presentation,
Recomm
Question 1 Analysis, and Conclusion
endation
Interpretation
Research Presentation,
Recomm
Question 2 Analysis, and Conclusion
endation
Interpretation
Research Presentation,
Recomm
Question 3 Analysis, and Conclusion
endation
Interpretation
Presentation
Presentation

• FONT (in Tables)

• Size: 9-12
• Style: Arial
• Spacing: single or double space
• Table should be presented in 1 page only
Presentation
• TITLE POSITION (Tables): Above, Left-aligned

Table 1. Mean Weekly Allowances of the Respondents when Grouped

According to Sex

Mean SD
Male 488.78 210.28
Female 836.89 170.08
Presentation
• T TEST

Table 1. T test on Weekly Allowances of the Respondents when Grouped

According to Sex
T-statistic
Mean SD df p-value Decision
(t-value)
Male 488.78 210.28 0.000,
-8.625 87 Reject Ho
Female 836.89 170.08 p<.05
Presentation
• ANOVA

Table 1. Title
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 458.1111 2 229.0556 5.035418 0.021228 3.68232
Within Groups 682.3333 15 45.48889

Total 1140.444 17
Presentation

Table 2. Correlation on Weekly Allowances of the Respondents in Comparison to Sex

SEX Weekly
Allowance
SEX Pearson Correlation 1 .669
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 89 89
Weekly Allowance Pearson .669 1
Correlation .000
Sig. (2-tailed) 89 89
N
Presentation
• TITLE POSITION (Figures): Below, Centered

Y-Va lue s
4

2
Y-Va lu e s

0
0 1 2 3

Figure 1. Economic Status of the

Respondents
Presentation
• TITLE POSITION (Figures): Below, Centered
Sales

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

Figure 1. Title
Presentation of Qualitative Data
For presentation,
 Use simple figures or use flowcharts.
 Use your codes and themes analyzed for each RQ.
Presentation of Qualitative Data
Example 1: Acknowledgement
Uncertainty of climate change

Distrust of
experts

UNCERTAINTY
Changing
terminology
Presentation of Qualitative Data

Example 2:
• Present your data by using verbatim quotes or passages.
• Follow a flow or rhythm by presenting themes or categories
based on the order of your research questions.
Presentation of Qualitative Data
For example, your research question is: What are the children’s
ability to discriminate among food?
On the presentation of data, you will write:

Children’s Ability to Discriminate Among Food Types

…then, present one or two verbatim quotations or passages

followed by your brief interpretation or analysis.
Presentation of Qualitative Data
Children’s Ability to Discriminate Among Food Types
“My mother says drink juice because it's healthy and she says if
you don't drink it you won't get healthy and you won't have any sweets
and you'll end up having to go to hospital if you don't eat anything like
vegetables because you'll get weak.” (Girl, age 11 years).
The interviews demonstrated that children are able to
differentiate and discriminate between different types of food
effortlessly. Also, their ability to discriminate types of food and drinks
was both sophisticated and complex, incorporating positive and
negative notions relating to food and its health and social
consequences.
Analysis
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Why do we analyze data?
The purpose of analyzing data is to obtain usable and useful
information. The analysis, irrespective of whether the data is
qualitative or quantitative, may:
 describe and summarize the data
 identify the difference between variables
 identify relationships between variables
 compare variables
 forecast outcomes
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Descriptive questions utilizes descriptive statistics
Descriptive Statistics – is concerned with describing the
properties of sample or population.

Inferential questions utilizes inferential statistics

Inferential Statistics – is concerned with drawing
inference about the characteristics of a
population by studying its representative sample.
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
 Descriptive questions utilizes descriptive statistics like
mean, percent, standard deviation, variance, quartile
deviations, kurtosis, skewness, median and mode.

 Inferential questions utilizes inferential statistics like t-

test, Analysis of Variance, Correlational analysis.
Interpretation
Analysis and Interpretation of Data

LEVELS OF INTERPRETATION

LEVEL 1 Explain the content of the table.

LEVEL 2 Implications of the findings/results.
LEVEL 3 Suggestive. Support with RRL.
Interpretation of Data
INTERPRETATION OF T-TEST, ANOVA,
AND PEARSON’S R
t Test If then there is enough evidence to
support the claim that the
difference between the means of the
variables being compared is
significant.
Interpretation of Data
How to Report a T-Test Result in APA Style
t(degrees of freedom) = the t statistic, p = p value.
Independent T-Test Dependent T-Test
The 25 participants who received the The results from the pre-test (M = 13.5, SD = 2.4)
drug intervention (M = 480, SD = 34.5) and post-test (M = 16.2, SD = 2.7) memory task
indicate that the presence of caffeine in the
compared to the 28 participants in the
bloodstream resulted in an improvement in
control group (M = 425, SD = 31) memory recall, t(19) = 3.1, p = .006.
demonstrated significantly better peak
flow scores, t(51) = 2.1, p = .04. There was a significant increase in the volume of
alcohol consumed in the week after the end of
There was no significant effect for semester (M = 8.7, SD = 3.1) compared to the
sex, t(38) = 1.7, p = .097, despite women week before the end of semester (M = 3.2, SD =
(M = 55, SD = 8) attaining higher scores 1.5), t(52) = 4.8, p < .001.
than men (M = 53, SD = 7.8). if your p value is less than .001, it's conventional simply to state p < .001,
rather than give the exact value.
Interpretation of Data
Table 1. T test on Weekly Allowances of the Respondents when Grouped According to Sex
T-statistic
Mean SD df p-value Decision
(t-value)
Male 488.78 210.28
-8.625 87 1 Reject Ho
Female 836.89 170.08

The weekly allowance of the 50 males ( compared to the 39

female participants ( demonstrated significant difference, . This implies
that female students have greater weekly allowance than males. This
supports the claim of Bourne (2012) that …

t(degrees of freedom) = the t statistic, p = p value.

Interpretation of Data
ANOVA Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Var 1 Var 2 Var 3 Groups Count Sum Average Variance
7 10 1 Column 1 6 93 15.5 81.9
Column 2 6 24 4 25.6
14 1 12 Column 3 6 35 5.833333 28.96667

32 1 1 If , then there is significant difference.

19 0 9 ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
10 11 1 Between Groups 458.1111 2 229.0556 5.035418 0.021228 3.68232
11 1 11 Within Groups 682.3333 15 45.48889

If ,
Total then there1140.444
is significant
17 difference.
Interpretation of Data
Table 1. Title
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 458.1111 2 229.0556 5.035418 0.021228 3.68232
Within Groups 682.3333 15 45.48889

Total 1140.444 17

There was a significant difference between the means of the compared

variable at level . (To further analyze the implications or the differences among
the variables, other statistical measures must be used such as Post hoc Tukey
Test.)

[F(df between groups, df within groups)= the F value, p= p value]

Presentation
Interpretation of the r Value
SIZE OF CORRELATION INTERPRETATION

.90 to 1.00 (-.90 to -1.00) Very high positive (negative) correlation

.70 to .90 (-.70 to -.90) High positive (negative) correlation

.50 to .70 (-.50 to -.70) Moderate positive (negative) correlation

.30 to .50 (-.30 to -.50) Low positive (negative) correlation

.00 to .30 (.00 to -.30) Negligible correlation or Very Low

Interpretation of Data
Table 2. Correlation on Weekly Allowances of the Respondents in Comparison to Sex
SEX Weekly
Allowance
SEX Pearson Correlation 1 .669
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 89 89
Weekly Allowance Pearson .669 1
Correlation .000
Sig. (2-tailed) 89 89
N

Among the students of BNSHS, the allowance per week and their
sex were found to have a moderate positive relationship, . This implies
that the allowance per week is related to a students’ sex. Support with
RRL.
r(degrees of freedom) = the r statistic, p = p value.
Thematic Analysis / Descriptive Data

Research Question

What are the insights of the respondents

on global warming?
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
For presentation,
 Use simple figures or use flowcharts.
 Use your codes and themes analyzed for each RQ.
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
For presentation,
 Use simple figures or use flowcharts.
 Use your codes and themes analyzed for each RQ.
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
Example 1: Acknowledgement
Uncertainty of climate change

Distrust of
experts

UNCERTAINTY
Changing
terminology
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
Example 1: Uncertainty
Acknowledgement of
climate change

Distrust of experts

UNCERTAINTY
Changing terminology

You may start with a verbatim quotation of one of the

responses of your participants and then follow it up with your
brief explanation.
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
Example 1: Uncertainty
Acknowledgement
of climate change

Distrust of experts

Changing
UNCERTAINTY
terminology

“Personally, I’m not sure. I think the climate is changing, sure, but I
don’t know why or how. People say you should trust the experts, but
who’s to say they don’t have their own reasons for pushing this
narrative? … it used to be called global warming”, (Girl, 13 years old).
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
Example 1:
“Personally, I’m not sure. I think the climate is
changing, sure, but I don’t know why or how. People say
you should trust the experts, but who’s to say they don’t
have their own reasons for pushing this narrative? … it
used to be called global warming.” (Girl, 13 years old).

People are unaware of what is happening to the

planet and are not sure to trust the experts. They suspect
that there are hidden agendas behind the experts’
recommendations.
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Example 2:
• Present your data by using verbatim quotes or passages.
• Follow a flow or rhythm by presenting themes or categories
based on the order of your research questions.
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
For example, your research question is: What are the children’s
ability to discriminate among food?
On the presentation of data, you will write:

Children’s Ability to Discriminate Among Food Types

…then, present one or two verbatim quotations or passages

followed by your brief interpretation or analysis.
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
Children’s Ability to Discriminate Among Food Types
“My mother says drink juice because it's healthy and she says if
you don't drink it you won't get healthy and you won't have any sweets
and you'll end up having to go to hospital if you don't eat anything like
vegetables because you'll get weak.” (Girl, age 11 years).
The interviews demonstrated that children are able to
differentiate and discriminate between different types of food
effortlessly. Also, their ability to discriminate types of food and drinks
was both sophisticated and complex, incorporating positive and
negative notions relating to food and its health and social
consequences.
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
Example 3:
Adults Learners Opinions on Doing a Bachelors Degree
“I feel better and more confident among my colleagues who are
degree holders.” (Robbie, age 32).

“My self-esteem got better . I am now able to talk with all kinds
of people more bravely.” (Zalina, age 40 years).

“I am proud of myself that I can do this and has given me courage

to talk with others in my office.” (Swee Leong, age 32).
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
Adults Learners Opinions on Doing a Bachelors Degree
“I feel better and more confident among my colleagues who are degree
holders.” (Robbie, age 32).
“My self-esteem got better . I am now able to talk with all kinds of people
more bravely.” (Zalina, age 40 years).
“I am proud of myself that I can do this and has given me courage to talk
with others in my office.” (Swee Leong, age 32).

Various statements by informants highlight the significance of self-

confidence when interacting with people attributed to pursuing a degree. Self-
confidence is interpreted as being able to do new things or doing things better
than before. Self-confidence is mostly exemplified by the ability to communicate.
EXAMPLES
Examples

Research Question Number 1.

1. What is the profile of the respondents

according to:
a) Sex
b) Academic Strand
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

47% Male
53% Female

Figure 1. Distribution of Respondents by Sex

What can be said about this data?

Fifty-eight of the 110 senior high school students (53%) who
participated in the survey are females.
What does this tell you about your respondents? (Quite important
if the sampling used is purposive.)
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
What does this tell you about your
respondents? (Quite important if the sampling
used is purposive.)
47% Male These respondents have been
53% Female selected through purposive sampling with
the condition that they identify themselves
to have taken an interest in KPOP music to a
Figure 1. Distribution of Respondents by Sex
certain degree. This implies that in the case
of these respondents, there are more
female senior high school students who
have openly expressed their interest in this
genre of music as compared to their male
counterparts.
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
The respondents were asked to identify their sex and the
senior high school strand they belong to. Figure 1 shows the
distribution of the respondents in terms of both of these
variables.
30
Frequency of Respondents

26
25 24
20
16 15
15 13
11
10
5 3 2
0
ABM A&D HUMSS STEM
SHS Academic Strand

Male Female
Figure 1. Distribution of Respondents by Sex and SHS Academic Strand
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
30 26
25 24

Frequency of Re-
20 16

spondents
13 15
15 11
10
5 3 2
0
ABM A&D HUMSS STEM
SHS Academic Strand

Male Female

Figure 1. Distribution of Respondents by Sex and SHS Academic Strand

With a frequency of 50 that accounts for 45.45 percent of
the total sample, majority of the respondents to the survey
conducted in line with this research belonged to the Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand.
In general, the female respondents with a frequency of 58
Examples

Research Question Number 2.

2. What is the mean weekly allowance of

the respondents?
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Respondents were also asked to provide

information regarding their weekly allowance.
40 35
Frequency of Respondents

35
30 28
25
20 16
15 14
10
10 5
5 2
0
1-150 151-300 301-450 451-600 601-750 751-900 901-
1050
Weekly Allowance in Pesos

Figure 2. Distribution of Respondents by Weekly Allowance

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
40 35

Frequency of Respondents
35
30 28
25
20 16
15 14
10
10 5
5 2
0
1-150 151-300 301-450 451-600 601-750 751-900 901-
1050
Weekly Allowance in Pesos

Figure 2. Distribution of Respondents by Weekly Allowance

Based from the data provided in Figure 2, 35 of the respondents
receive a weekly allowance that ranges from PhP601.00 to PhP750.00.
Furthermore, the mean weekly allowance of the 110 respondents is
PhP635.00 with a standard deviation of PhP55.00. Make other
comparisons that you have noticed in your data. You can also look into
the weekly allowances received by females compared to males.
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
40 35

Frequency of Respondents
35
30 28
25
20 16
15 14
10
10 5
5 2
0
1-150 151-300 301-450 451-600 601-750 751-900 901-
1050
Weekly Allowance in Pesos

Figure 2. Distribution of Respondents by Weekly Allowance

Based from the data provided in Figure 2, 35 of the respondents
receive a weekly allowance that ranges from PhP601.00 to PhP750.00.
Furthermore, the mean weekly allowance of the 110 respondents is
PhP635.00 with a standard deviation of PhP55.00. Make other
comparisons that you have noticed in your data. You can also look into
the weekly allowances received by females compared to males.
THANK YOU!