Review:

ANOVA post-hoc tests

ANOVA
ANOVA results

The ANOVA indicated that there is a significant

difference (p < .001), so post hoc tests are needed.
All combinations should be reviewed.
Run t-tests for a-b, a-c, a-d, b-c, b-d, c-d
The first three t-tests:

There is no difference There is a significant There is a significant

between television (M = difference between difference between
52.89) and Internet (M television (M = 52.89) and television (M = 52.89) and
=67.44), (t [16] = 1.29, p print (M =29.67), (t [13] = other (M =14.2), (t [12] =
> .05). 1.85, p < .05). 2.82, p < .05).
The last three t-tests

There is a significant difference There is a significant difference There is a significant difference

between Internet (M=67.44) and between Internet (M=67.44) and between print (M= 29.67) and
print (M= 29.67), (t [13] = 5.58, p other (M =14.2), (t [12] = 7.38, p other (M =14.2), (t [9] = 5.10, p
< .001). < .001). < .001).
 Final Lesson:
Regression, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients, r
Statistical Tests:

Regression
Regression
• In statistical terms, we use
“correlation” in reference to
similarities between and among
data sets.
• A regression produces a Pearson’s
Product Moment Correlation r.
• The regression is best used when
one can assume that the
distribution of scores in both
groups forms a single mode
distribution.
• In the Spatz appendices, use
Table A: Critical values for
Pearson product-moment
correlation coefficients, r (to
determine significance).
We are looking for
significance at the .05 level
(p < .05) to determine if
there is a correlation.
More about regression:
• Correlation coefficients range
from -1.00 to 1.00.
• A correlation coefficient of .00
means there is no cause and
effect relationship, but a
correlation coefficient of 1.00
means there may be a cause and
effect relationship.
• Note the degrees of freedom is
N-2.
• In a bivariate distribution both
variables have the same number
of scores.
• Positive correlation: the larger
the building, the more the cost
of upkeep (both increase).
• Negative correlation: the more I
eat the less I weigh (one
increases while the other
decreases).
Dissertation example:
• A regression test was used to Regression Statistics

measure the relationship between Multiple R 0.604572038

teachers’ job satisfaction and

student achievement scores as R Square 0.365507349

reflected in their schools’ academic Adjusted R Square 0.352288752

index. According to the regression
test, there is a significant Standard Error 0.594867874

relationship between teacher job

satisfaction and student test scores,
Observations 50

(r [48] = .60, p < .01) (Spatz, 2008). F [1,48]= 27.65, p < .01  

Table 4.1 shows the results of the

regression test.
Regression Practice

A researcher gave 9 participants

two different tests that measure
self-esteem to see if there was a
relationship between the tests. Are
they significantly similar?
Steps:
1. Enter data
2. Click the “Data” tab.
3. Select “Data Analysis,” on the right
4. Select “Regression”
5. Click “Ok.”
Next…

6. Highlight the 1st

data column for
“Input Y Range.”
7. Highlight the 2nd
data column for
the “Input X
Range.”
8. Click “Labels,” if
you labeled
columns.
9. Select a cell for
output range.
10. For a graph,
click “Line Fit
Plots.”
11. Click “Ok.”
The Results

According to page 24 of the dissertation handbook, report the results as:

(r = .84, F [1,7] = 16.96, p < .01).

The results can also be reported as: (r [7] = .84, p < .01).

Either way, this means that there is a significant relationship between

subjects self-esteem scores.
See in the Spatz Table:

(r [7] = .84, p < .01)

Same data with the Pearson’s Product
Moment r (r [7] = .84, p < .01)