Embedded & IOT

assingment

•T E A M M E M B E R S

•S . P. S A R I G A

•P. G O P I K A

•S . N I V E T H A
MICROPROCESSOR
• A microprocessor is like the brain of a computer. It's a small electronic chip that can process
and execute instructions to perform various tasks, such as calculations, data manipulation,
and controlling other parts of a device.

• It's what makes computers and many other electronic devices work by handling all the
necessary computations and operations. Think of it as the command center that tells your
device what to do based on the input it receives.
 microprocessor
• ____________________________
• | Control Unit |
• |____________________________|
• | |
• |____________________________|
• | Arithmetic |
• | & Logic |
• | Unit |
• |____________________________|
• | |
• |____________________________|
• | Registers |
• |____________________________|

• | |
• | |
• | Memory |
• | |
• |____________________________|
block diagram of microprocessor
 basic task of microprocessor
• 1.The basic task of a microprocessor is to input the instructions from the memory, decode,
and process them and produce the output. It performs three basic tasks while processing the
information.
• 1.Performing some basic calculations using ALU for example, addition, division,
multiplication, subtraction, etc.

• 2.Moving data from one location to another.

• 3.It has a Program Counter (PC), which is a pointer that stores the address of the next
instruction. It keeps track of the PC and performs instructions accordingly.
parts of
microprocessor
* The basic parts of a
microprocessor,

* CPU
* Bus
* Memory
 Evolution of microprocessor
The starting stage of microprocessor evolution was marked by the development of the first microprocessor.
It is opened the door to a new era of computing.
• Invention of the Microprocessor: The starting point was in 1971 when Intel Corporation introduced the
Intel 4004, the world's first commercially available microprocessor. It was a 4-bit processor initially
designed for use in calculators but paved the way for more complex applications.
• Limited Capabilities: The early microprocessors had limited processing power and were mainly used in
specialized applications such as calculators, cash registers, and simple control systems.
• Advancements in Architecture: Despite their limitations, engineers quickly realized the potential of
microprocessors and began developing more powerful and versatile architectures. This led to the
introduction of 8-bit microprocessors like the Intel 8008 and 8080, which expanded the range of
applications for microprocessors.
continution...

• Growing Applications: As microprocessors became more capable, they found their way into a
wider range of devices and systems. They were used in early personal computers, industrial
automation, telecommunications equipment, and consumer electronics.
• Technological Progress: Concurrently, advancements in semiconductor technology allowed for
the miniaturization of transistors, enabling more complex and powerful microprocessors to be
developed. This progress was guided by Moore's Law, which predicted that the number of
transistors on a chip would double approximately every two years, leading to exponential growth
in processing power.
• Rapid Expansion: The demand for microprocessors grew rapidly as their capabilities increased
and manufacturing costs decreased. This fueled innovation and competition among semiconductor
companies, leading to a steady stream of new and improved microprocessor designs.
microcontroller
• it's a small chip that contains a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals all in one
package.
• Processor: This is the part of the microcontroller that does the thinking. It processes instructions and
carries out tasks based on the program it's given.

• Memory: Microcontrollers have built-in memory to store the program instructions and data
needed for their operation. This memory can be used to store both the program itself and any
data the program needs to work with.
• Input/Output (I/O) Peripherals: These are the parts of the microcontroller that allow it to
interact with the outside world. They can include things like input pins for sensors or buttons,
output pins for controlling lights or motors, and communication ports for connecting to other
devices.
questions
• 1.Definition of microprocessor.
• 2. Explain about evolution of microprocessor.
• 3.Diagramatic representation of microprocessor.
• 4.Definition of microcontroller.
• 5. Brief comparison of microprocessor and microcontroller.