IGC1 Element 6

NEBOSH
International
General Certificate
Copyright RMS Publishing

IGC First Edition - IGC1 Element 6 - v.1.0 - Slide 1
860409
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RMS Publishing Limited

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© ACT Associates Limited.
First Edition September 2007.
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Issued to: Strabag

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Licence No: 860409

860409
NEBOSH
International
General Certificate

860409
Unit IGC1
Management of
International health
and safety
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Element 6
Principles of control

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Learning outcomes
6.1 Describe the general principles of control and a
basic hierarchy of risk reduction measures that
encompass technical, behavioural and procedural
controls
6.2 Describe what factors should be considered when
developing and implementing a safe system of
work for general work activities and explain the key
elements of a safe system applied to the particular
situations of working in confined spaces and lone
working

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Learning outcomes - continued

6.3 Explain the role and function of a permit-to-work
system
6.4 Explain the need for emergency procedures and
the arrangements for contacting emergency services
6.5 Describe the requirements for, and effective
provision of, first aid in the workplace

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Contents of element
6.1 General principles of controlling hazards

and reducing risk
6.2 Safe systems of work
6.3 Permit to work systems
6.4 Emergency procedures
6.5 First aid

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Contents of element

and reducing risk
6.5 First aid

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General principles of controlling hazards & reducing risk
• General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural

and procedural controls)
• General hierarchy of control

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General principles of prevention (technical,
behavioural and procedural controls)
• In order to control the risks identified by risk assessments
• Workers and the self-employed need to introduce a risk
control strategy of preventive and protective measures
• To be effective a risk control strategy needs to consider
technical, behavioural and procedural controls

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Avoiding risks
• If risks are avoided completely then they do not have to be
either controlled or monitored
• For example
- Not using pesticides or not working at height

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Evaluating unavoidable risks
• Carry out a suitable and sufficient assessment of risks

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Controlling hazards at source
• Repairing a hole in the floor is safer than displaying a
warning sign
• The use of local exhaust ventilation to remove a substance
at source
• The design of equipment so that mechanical movement is
enclosed

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Adapting work to the individual
• This emphasises the importance of human factors in
modern control methods
• If the well-being of the person is dealt with, there is less
chance of the job causing ill-health
• Consideration should be given to the design of any
equipment
• All equipment should be clearly labelled
• Alleviating monotonous work by breaks or task rotation
can help the individual to remain alert

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Adapting to technical progress
• This can lead to improved, safer and healthier working
conditions
• For example:
- New non-slip floor surfaces
- Less hazardous equipment
• The use of waste chutes for removal of materials from
scaffolds and the use of lower vibration equipment

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Replacing the dangerous by the less/non-dangerous
• For example, using a battery operated drill rather than a
mains (supply voltage) powered tool
• Providing compressed air at a lower pressure
• Providing water based chemicals instead of solvent based
chemicals

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Developing a coherent prevention policy
• Taking a holistic stance to the control of risk
• Involves consideration of the organisation through the
establishing of risk / control identification systems
• Consideration of the job through the use of task analysis
and selection of the people
• Consideration of human factors that affect an individual
such as mental and physical requirements

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Giving priority to collective protective measures over individual
protective measures
• Provide individual protective measures such as warning
people of hazards and provision of personal protective
equipment using the ‘safe person’ strategy
• A more developed and effective approach is to give priority
• These two strategies are supported by a third strategy
sometimes called the ‘safe system’ strategy
• Reliance on only a safe/healthy person strategy is the
weakest of controls

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Giving priority to collective protective measures over individual
protective measures
• By ensuring a safe/healthy place all people that find
themselves in it will gain protection
• This approach is reflected in the hierarchy used for
safeguarding dangerous parts of equipment
• The most successful organisations use a combination of
the three strategies
• Studies have shown that this is a critical aspect of effective
management of health and safety

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Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to
employees
• Information
• Instruction
• Training
• Supervision

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employees
Information
To improve awareness about health and safety generally in
relation to specific hazards, their controls and management
performance to bring about these controls

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employees
Information
Subjects Means of communication
• Legislation • Bulletins and news sheets
• Company policy statements • Notice boards, propaganda,
films
• Accident statistics
• Team briefing
• General hazards and controls
• Written material for visitors
• Names of appointed first aiders
• Site signs and labels

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employees
Instruction
To control worker’s, contractor’s and visitor’s behaviour with
regard to general and specific health and safety arrangements

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employees
Instruction
Means of communicating
Subjects
• Verbal, written and visual
• Health and safety rules
material
• Policy, arrangements and plans
• Notice boards
• Use of PPE
• Induction and job training
• Specific hazards
• Direct issue of document
• Emergency procedures
• ‘Tool-box talks’
• Reporting accidents

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employees
Training
To develop people, their attitudes, perception and motivation with
regard to health and safety to ensure acceptable actions.
Training should use two-way communication - information /
instruction given and understanding checked.

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employees
Training
Subjects
• Accident investigation • Work equipment
• Risk assessments • Use of PPE
• Inspections / audits • Manual handling techniques
• Instructions • Emergency procedures
• Display screen workstation

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employees
Training
Means of communicating
• On/off the job
• Internal/external trainers
• Explanation, demonstration,
discussion and practice
• One-to-one or group
• Written, oral and visual material

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employees
Supervision
Provision / reinforcement of performance standards of
employees
Subjects Means of communication
• Activity operations • Direct verbal interaction
• Machinery / equipment use • Written work instruction
• Workplace behaviour • Demonstration
• Employee attitude

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employees
Competence v supervision
Source: RMS
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Categories and features of safety signs
Source: RMS

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General hierarchy of control
• Avoiding risks
• Elimination / substitution
• Reducing / time limiting exposure
• Isolation / segregation
• Engineering control
• Safe systems of work
• Training and information
• Personal protective equipment
• Welfare
• Monitoring and supervision
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Avoiding risks
• Avoiding risk at source is the best option for controlling risk
• Everyone is protected and there is no residual risk to
manage
• In order to avoid the risk of falling it is critical to design out
the need to work at height

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Elimination/substitution
• Removal of the hazard in total from the working
environment
• Reducing the hazard to an acceptable level by substituting
something less hazardous
• Reducing the strength of the hazardous material
• Reducing the quantity in use/etc

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Reducing/time limiting exposure
• Reduction of exposure may be achieved by keeping the
numbers at risk to a minimum by timing certain work so that
other tasks are not taking place nearby
• Rotating work to minimise the exposure to any one person
• For example, by reducing the frequency and duration of
exposure to radiation, noise or vibration

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Isolation/segregation
• Enclose the hazard so there is a controlled barrier between
people and the hazard
• For example, fitting fixed guards around dangerous parts of
a machine, provision of guard rails on scaffolds or barriers
round street works

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Engineering control
• Control the numbers at risk by systems of working or by
engineering methods
• For example
- Provision of an overload or over run device on a crane or
hoist
- Control dust / fumes released into the atmosphere by
local exhaust ventilation
- To limit the noise level emitted by use of sound insulation

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Safe systems of work
• A safe system of work is a formal procedure which results
from systematic examination of a task in order to identify all
the hazards
• It defines safe methods of working
• In some cases the system of work is controlled by the use
of structured checklists
• This is often called a permit to work

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Training and information
• Relevant information and training on risks and on protective
and preventive measures
• Should be limited to what workers need to know to ensure
their own health and safety and not put others at risk

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Personal protective equipment
Requirements:
• Ensure PPE is suitable
• Adequate training / instruction
• Issue, obtain signature and record
• Monitoring systems
• Provide suitable storage
• Routine exchange systems
• Cleaning / sterilisation
• Written / verbal instructions

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Benefits and limitations
• Aprons • Eye protection
• Adverse weather gear • Life-jackets
• High visibility clothing • Respirators
• Gloves • Safety harness
• Safety footwear • Underwater breathing
• Safety helmets gear

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Benefits and limitations
Often protection limited, rarely 100%
• Hair length
• Spectacles
• Stubble growth male faces
• Incorrect fitting / adjustment

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Welfare
• The provision of adequate welfare facilities is intended to
reduce the likelihood of ill health and skin disease
• Promoting good personal hygiene through the provision
of suitable and sufficient toilets, washbasins and
changing rooms

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Monitoring and supervision
• Monitoring of the success or limitations of a selected
control in the hierarchy is critical and enables improved
control to be put in place
• The supervisor has a crucial part to play in controlling
hazard and risk
• It is critical to balance the amount and timing of
supervision against the work being done
• Supervision helps to ensure that workers understand the
risks associated with their work
• Necessary safety precautions are carried out

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Contents of element

and reducing risk
6.5 First aid

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Responsibility of the employer to provide safe
system of work
Definition of safe system of work (SSW):
“the integration of P eople, E quipment and M aterials in the

correct E nvironment to produce the safest possible
conditions in a specific work area”

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system of work
Components of the system (PEME)
• People
• Equipment
• Materials
• Environment

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system of work
People
• Safe behaviour - sound knowledge
• Skills (both mental and physical)
• Risk and control aware
• Motivation
• Resistance to pressures
• Adequately trained
• Job experience
• Working in harmony

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system of work
Equipment
• Good design and safety specification of plant, machinery
and equipment
• Taking into account the work that it is to do
• The environment and ergonomic factors, inspection and
maintenance requirements

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system of work
Materials
• Safe and healthy in both the raw state and as the finished
product
• Appropriate purchasing and quality standards
• Consideration of use, handling, storage, transport and safe
disposal of waste

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system of work
Environment
• Establishing critical elements in the workplace that surround the
workforce:
- Effective control of heating, lighting and ventilation
- Safe levels of noise and vibration
- Effective control of dust, fumes, radiation, chemicals and
biological hazards
- Effective means of access and egress

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The role of competent persons in the development
of safe systems
• It is critical that those involved in the development process
gain a perspective on the acceptability of the standards of
proposed systems of work
• It may be necessary to get a perspective from someone that
is competent in the technical health and safety issues
involved
• The onus is on the employer to determine the competence of
people who may be involved
• A competent person should have knowledge and skill as well
as experience

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Importance of involvement in the development of
safe systems
• Worker involvement in the development of safe systems is
essential to ensure their safe behaviour when working to the
system
• The absence of equipment specified or requirements that
mean more people to do the task than are available
• Poor access/egress
• Discussing proposed systems of work with workers
• Possible to learn these practicalities and ensure the system of
work takes account of them
• Involvement in this way often ensures that the agreed system
of work is followed
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Importance and relevance of written procedures
• Serves as a clear setting of standards of work
• Enables monitoring against clear standards of performance
• Construction industry makes particular use i.e. method
statements
• Higher change of being complied with
• Job / task analysis essential for preparing written
procedures
• Translates to comprehensive training plans
• Ensures correct skills and knowledge for work to be carried
out safely

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The distinction between technical, procedural
and behavioural controls
Technical
Equipment - design and maintenance
Access / egress - aisles and storage
Materials (substances and articles) - packaging
Environment (temperature, light, dust, noise) - LEV

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The distinction between technical, procedural
and behavioural controls
Procedural
Policy and standards / rules / procedures / permit to work
Authorisation and co-ordination / purchasing controls
Accident investigation and analysis / emergency preparedness
Behavioral
Awareness, knowledge, skill, competence
Attitude, perception, motivation, communication
Supervision
Health surveillance

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Development of a safe system of work
• Analysing the task

• Hazard identification and risk assessment
• Introducing controls and formulating procedures
• Instruction and training in the operation of the system
• Monitoring the system
• Confined spaces
• Lone working

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Analysing the task
• The task to be done
• Where the task is done
• That which is used
• The current controls
• Adequacy of controls
• Correct use by operators of the controls
• Behavioural factors operators/supervisors

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Hazard identification and risk assessment
• The identification of hazards and the assessment of risks are
key factors arising from the task analysis step of developing
safe systems of work
• A suitable and sufficient risk assessment should be made of
all risks to which workers and others who may be affected are
exposed
• Considerations should be given to who does what, when and
how

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Introducing controls and formulating procedures
Define the safe methods
1) Hazards should be eliminated at source
2) Specific responsibilities
3) The need for protective or special equipment
4) Adequate emergency procedures
5) Task rescue methods should be identified
6) System should be checked against three main criteria:
- Adequately control hazards associated with the task
- Comply with company standards
- Comply with relevant legal standards

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Introducing controls and formulating procedures
Implementation
The process of implementation will involve:
• Person in charge of work must ensure that elements outlined in
the Planning and Organisation stages are clearly understood
and implemented
• If problems arise which necessitate modification to the system,
formal approval and documentation should be made
• Any permanent record of any monitoring must be kept and
regularly checked by a member of the management team

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Instruction and training in the operation of the
system
• For certain high risk tasks this will often involve a training course
to develop knowledge and understanding
• This is then followed by practical application either utilising a
work simulator or close one to one supervision while on the job
• Where training requirements have been identified, a record of
those affected should be made
• The required training should be confirmed as successful and
recorded

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Monitoring the system
• All safe systems should be formally monitored and records
kept of compliance and effectiveness
• Direct observation or by discussion at team meetings or safety
committee meetings
• A system of monitoring and feedback should be implemented
to ensure it is effective
• Audits and accidents that occur can provide a valuable insight
into whether systems of work are effective

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Confined spaces
Work in confined spaces
• Can the work done without the need for entry
• Testing of atmosphere
• Safe access and egress
• Respiratory protective equipment
• Emergency arrangements

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Confined spaces
Access to a confined space

Source: HSG150, HSE.
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Confined spaces
Summary of main points
• Identify the hazards e.g. flammable substances
• Prevent the need for entry e.g. clean from outside
• Develop safety working practice - permit to work
• Develop emergency procedures including fire safety
• Providing training

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Lone working
In establishments Mobile
• Only one person at work • Construction
• People work separately • Maintenance
from others • Agriculture
• People work outside • Social
normal hours

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Lone working
• Questions to ask
• Importance of training
• Supervision
• Procedures for monitoring purposes
• Medical considerations

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Contents of element

and reducing risk
6.5 First aid

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Permit to work systems
Operation and application
• Main elements
• Permit to work document
• Requirements of the system
• Operation

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Typical permits and circumstances in which they
may be appropriate
• Hot work
• Work on electrical systems
• Machinery maintenance

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Example of a permit to work for entry into confined
spaces
Source: HSE Guidance note on permits to work.

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Contents of element

and reducing risk
6.5 First aid

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Emergency procedures
• The importance of developing emergency procedures

• Arrangements for contacting emergency and rescue
services

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The importance of developing emergency
procedures
• Should be in place, or developed, to control likely incidents
e.g. fire, spillage, exposure to poisoning and pathogens
• Fire is a specific risk
• Assembly points may change
• Procedures should be in writing and regularly tested
• Results of such exercises should be recorded
• For identified high-risk activities, arrangements should be
formalised with local Accident and Emergency services
(A&E)

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Arrangements for contacting emergency and
rescue services
• Employer should consider the risks
• May be necessary before work is started to contact the
external emergency and rescue services if complex
hazardous work is to be carried out
• Employer must identify and assess the nature of any injury
likely to occur and consider the distance to emergency
hospital facilities
• May be necessary to provide a first aid room and train staff
in specific emergency techniques

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Contents of element

and reducing risk
6.5 First aid

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First aid
First-aid requirements
• Different work activities
• Difficult access to treatment
• Workers working away from employer’s premises
• Workers of more than one employer working together
• Provisions for non-employees
• Number and size of first-aid boxes required
• Additional facilities

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First aid
• Role of first aiders
• Appointed person

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First aid
Role of first aiders
• Give immediate assistance to casualties
• Summon an ambulance or other professional help

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First aid
Appointed person
• What to do in an emergency
• Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
• First aid for the unconscious casualty
• First aid for the wounded or bleeding

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First aid
Coverage in relation to shift work and geographical
location
Shared facilities and arrangements
• Additional staff to cover out of hours, shift working or
overtime
• Ensure coverage in place throughout period of work
• Particular care to high risk work outside of normal working
hours
• If a geographically large area of work all staff may need to
be trained

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First aid
Coverage in relation to shift work and geographical
location
Shared facilities and arrangements
• Arrangements to identify and inform people of where first
aid equipment is and who responsible
• Possible for agreement between occupier and employer
• Eliminate need to make separate arrangements
• Provide cover for each other’s first aiders
• Written agreement

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Contents of element

and reducing risk
6.5 First aid

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Element 6

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Unit IGC1
Management of
International health
and safety
860409
NEBOSH
International
General Certificate

860409

IGC1 Element 6

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NEBOSH

Copyright RMS Publishing

RMS Publishing Limited

© ACT Associates Limited.

First Edition September 2007.

Issued to: Strabag

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Learning outcomes - continued

Copyright RMS Publishing

6.1 General principles of controlling hazards

Copyright RMS Publishing

6.1 General principles of controlling hazards

Copyright RMS Publishing

• General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

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Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

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Copyright RMS Publishing

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Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

• Adverse weather gear • Life-jackets

• High visibility clothing • Respirators

• Gloves • Safety harness

• Safety footwear • Underwater breathing

• Safety helmets gear

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

6.1 General principles of controlling hazards

Copyright RMS Publishing

“the integration of P eople, E quipment and M aterials in the

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing

Copyright RMS Publishing