Kroenke Umis10e Inppt 05

Using MIS
10th Edition
Chapter 5
Database Processing
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-1

“We Don’t Have a Way to Track the Data
About the Videos.”
• Falcon Security stores sequentially numbered

digital video files in separate directories for each
client.
• Tracking down exact footage of when equipment
was stolen means searching hundreds of video
files.
• Need database to track video files.
• MongoDB for tracking video files?

Study Questions
Q5-1 What is the purpose of a database?
Q5-2 What is a database?
Q5-3 What is a database management system (DBMS)?
Q5-4 How do database applications make databases more
useful?
Q5-5 How are data models used for database development?
Q5-6 How is a data model transformed into a database
design?
Q5-7 How can Falcon Security benefit from a database
system?
Q5-8 2027?

Why Use A Database?
• Organize and keep track of things.

• Keep track of multiple themes.
• General rule:
– Single theme - store in a spreadsheet.
– Multiple themes - use a database.
– What's a theme?
 Ex: student grades, student emails, student office
visits.

A List of Student Grades Presented in a
Spreadsheet – Single Theme
Figure 5-1 A List of Student Grades Presented in a Spreadsheet

Source: Microsoft Excel 2016

Student Data Form for a Database
Application
Figure 5-2 Student Data Shown in a Form from a Database

Source: Microsoft Access 2016

Q2 What is a Database?
Figure 5-3 Student Table (also called a file)

Hierarchy of Data Elements
Figure 5-4 Hierarchy of Data Elements

Components of a Database
Figure 5-5 Components of a Database

Example of Relationships Among Rows
Figure 5-6 Example of Relationships Among Rows

Sample of Access Metadata
Figure 5-7 Sample Metadata (in Access)


Querying Inequality?
Ethics Guide
• MaryAnn has a data mart.

• Business professional majored in HR, now "expert"
in SQL.
• Uses SQL to do job faster and better.
• Examined data, saw possible discriminatory
pattern.
• What would you do from categorical imperative
and utilitarian perspectives?

Querying Inequality? (cont’d)
Ethics Guide
• Queries could reveal all sorts of patterns and

trends.
 Be sure what answers you want before starting query.
• How strongly do you feel about social and
personal responsibility, considering your needs
and those of your family?
• How important is social responsibility posture of an
employer to you?
 Is that something to add to your criteria for a job
search?

Slick Analytics
So What?
• CIOs are looking to merge the storage and

analysis of cloud-based data into one synergistic
operation.
• Laredo Petroleum
– Old approach used numerous spreadsheets and
manual calculations.
– Value of data diminished due to the time it took to
analyze the data.
– New approach uses cloud storage and cloud
analytics.

Slick Analytics (cont’d)
So What?
• Laredo Petroleum
– Needs to know when it should clean chemical
deposits in its wells.
– Cloud storage and analytics improved scalability,
robust data analysis, and data accessibility.
• Cloud analytics will grow by 46 percent through
2020.
• Security and privacy concerns are drawbacks to
cloud services.

Database Management System (DBMS)
• Program to create, process, administer a

database.
• Licensed from vendors
 IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, and others.
– DB2, Access, SQL Server, Oracle Database.
• Open source
 MySQL: License-free for most applications.

Processing the Database
• DBMS Process Operations

– Read
– Insert
– Modify
– Delete data

Processing the Database (cont’d)
• Structured Query Language - SQL (see-quell)

 International standard
 Used by nearly all DBMS
• SQL Example
• INSERT INTO Student
– ([Student Number], [Student Name], HW1, HW2,
MidTerm)
• VALUES (1000, ‘Franklin, Benjamin’, 90, 95, 100)

Adding a New Column to a Table (in Access
2016)
Figure 5-8 Adding a New Column to a Table (in Access)


Administering the Database
• Set up security system, user accounts, passwords,

permissions, limits for processing.
• Limit user permissions.
• Back up database, improve performance of
database applications, remove unwanted data.

Summary of Database Administration Tasks
Database
Category Description
Administration Task
Size of DBA group depends on size and complexity of
Create and staff DBA
database. Groups range from one part-time person to
function
small group.
Form steering Consists of representatives of all user groups. Forum
committee for community-wide discussions and decisions.
Development
Specify requirements Ensure that all appropriate user input is considered.
Validate data model Check data model for accuracy and completeness.
Verify that all necessary forms, reports, queries, and
Evaluate application
applications are developed. Validate design and
design
usability of application components.
Figure 5-9 Summary of Database Administration (DBA) Tasks

Summary of Database Administration Tasks
(cont’d)
Category Database Administration Task Description

Manage processing rights and
Determine processing rights/restrictions on each table and column.
responsibilities
Add and delete users and user groups as necessary; ensure that
Manage security
security system works.
Operation Track problems and manage
Develop system to record and manage resolution of problems.
resolution
Monitor database performance Provide expertise/solutions for performance improvements.
Manage DBMS Evaluate new features and functions.
Monitor backup procedures Verify that database backup procedures are followed.
Backup and Ensure that users and operations personnel know and understand
Conduct training
Recovery recovery procedures.
Manage recovery Manage recovery process.
Set up request tracking system Develop system to record and prioritize requests for change.
Adaptation Manage impact of database structure changes on applications and
Manage configuration change
users.
Figure 5-9 Summary of Database Administration (DBA) Tasks

Forms, Queries, Reports, and Applications
Q5-4 How do database applications make databases more useful?
Forms View data; insert new, update existing, delete existing data.
Queries Search using values provided by user.

Structured presentation of data using sorting, grouping, filtering,
Reports other operations.
Application Provide security, data consistency, special purpose processing,

programs e.g., handle out-of-stock situations.

Users Accessing Databases
Figure 5-10 Components of a Database Application System

Example of a Student Report
Figure 5-11 Example of a Student Report

Query Example
Figure 5-12A Sample Query Form Used to Enter Phrase for Search
Figure 5-12B Sample Query Results of Query Operation

Browser Forms, Reports, Queries, and
Applications
Figure 5-13 Four Application Programs on a Web Server Computer

Account Creation Browser Form
Figure 5-14 Account Creation Browser Form

Source: Microsoft Corporation

Browser Report
Figure 5-15 Browser Report


Graphical Query: User Clicks on Video Icon
to Find All Videos from that Location
Figure 5-16 Graphical Query: User Clicks on Video Icon to Find All Videos from That Location

Multiuser Processing Problem
1.Andrea reads 3. Andrea puts both in 5. Andrea proceeds

pedal record shopping baskets, but to checkout.
showing balance delays checking out. Someone will be
of 2 pedals. disappointed.
1 2 3 4 5
2. Jeffrey reads 4.Jeffrey puts both

same record in shopping
showing balance basket and
of 2 pedals. checks out
before Andrea.

Q5: How Are Data Models Used for
Database Development?
Figure 5-17 Database Development Process

What Is the Entity-Relationship Data
Model?
• Something to track.
Entities – Order, customer, salesperson,
item, volunteer, donation
• Describe characteristics of entity.
Attributes – OrderNumber, CustomerNumber,
VolunteerName, PhoneNumber
• Uniquely identifies one entity

Identifier instance from other instances
– Student_ID_Number

Student Data Model Entities
Figure 5-18 Student Data Model Entities

Example of Department, Adviser, and
Student Entities and Relationships (cont’d)
Figure 5-19 Example of Department, Adviser, and Student Entities and Relationships

Sample of Relationships―Version 1
Crow’s
Feet
1:N N:M
One department may An Adviser may have
have many advisers, many students, and
but an adviser may be one student may have
in only one many advisers
department
Figure 5-20 Sample Relationships Version 1

Sample of Relationships─Version 2
“Crow’s
Foot”
N:M 1:N
A department has many A student has only
advisors, and an advisor one advisor, but an
may advise for more adviser may advise
than one department many students
Figure 5-21 Sample Relationships Version 2

Crow’s-Foot Diagram Version
Maximum cardinality─maximum number of entities in a

relationship. Vertical bar on a line means at least one entity
required.
Minimum cardinality—minimum number of entities in a

relationship. Small oval means entity is optional; relationship
need not have entity of that type.
Figure 5-22 Sample Relationships Showing Both Maximum and Minimum Cardinalities

Q6: How Is a Data Model Transformed into
a Database Design?
Q5-6 How is a data model transformed into a database design?
• Normalization
 Converting poorly structured tables into two or more
well-structured tables.
– Goal
 Construct tables with single theme or entity.
– Purpose
 Minimize data integrity problems.

Data Integrity Problems
• Data integrity problems.

 Incorrect or inconsistent information.
 Users lose confidence in information.
 System gets a poor reputation.
• Can only occur if data are duplicated.

Poorly Designed Employee Table Causes
Data Integrity Problem
Figure 5-23 A Poorly Designed Employee Table

Two Normalized Tables
Figure 5-24 Two Normalized Tables

Summary of Normalization
Figure 5-25 Transforming a Data Model into a Database Design

Representing 1:N Relationships
Figure 5-26 Representing a 1:N Relationship

Representing an N:M Relationship: Strategy
for Foreign Keys
Figure 5-27 Representing an N:M Relationship

Users’ Role in the Development of Databases
• Final judges.
• Thorough review of data model.
 Entities must contain all the data users need to do
their jobs.
 Must accurately reflect their view of the business.
• Take it seriously.
• Devote time.

A Database System At Falcon Security
Q5-7 How can Falcon Security benefit from a database system?
• Find videos by querying their characteristics.

 “Which videos do we have of the Beresford Building in
October 2014, shot from 3,000 feet or less?”
• Choices
 Store videos on a file server and keep metadata about
each video in a relational database to query with SQL.
 Use NoSQL MongoDB.

Falcon Security Chooses Option 1
Q5-7 How can Falcon Security benefit from a database system?
• Use Access to store

metadata.
• Less risky: uses
known technology.
• Creates E-R diagram.
• Decide to keep
design simple at first.
Figure 5-28 E-R Diagram for Falcon Security’s Database

Database Processing in 2027?
Q5-8 2027?
• Volume of database continues to grow.

• Cheap, unlimited storage, greater processing
speeds in relational databases.
• Security becomes more important.
• Many NoSQL, NewSQL, and in-memory
databases exist in commerce.

ACID Transactions
Q5-8 2027?
• Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable transactions.

• Critical to traditional commercial applications.
• New Internet applications (Twitter) don’t need
ACID.

New Categories of DBMS
Q5-8 2027?
• NoSQL DBMS (NotRelational DBMS)

• Supports very high transaction rates, processing
relatively simple data structures,
• Replicated on many servers in the cloud, without
ACID transaction support.
• MongoDB, Cassandra, Bigtable, and Dynamo.

New Categories of DBMS (cont’d)
Q5-8 2027?
• NewSQL DBMS
– Process very high levels of transactions, like NoSQL
DBMS, but provide ACID support.
– May or may not support relational model.
– Current hotbed of development.
• In-memory DBMS using SQL extension
– SAP HANA, Tableau.
– High volume ACID transaction support with complex
relational query processing.

Database Processing in 2027? (cont’d)
Q5-8 2027?
• Keep abreast of developments.

• Watch from investor’s perspective.
• New opportunities and career paths will develop
around these new DBMS products.
• Separate yourself from the competition when it
comes to job interviews.

Big Data…Losses
Security Guide
• Many companies are focusing on perfecting

powerful Big Data tools.
• They spend little effort securing the data they
collect.
• Information security is neglected for the sake of
functionality and convenience.
• Security audit showed more than 39,000 NoSQL
databases are exposed.
• 1.1 petabytes of this data were available online.

Big Data…Losses (cont’d)
Security Guide
• InformationWeek Survey:
– Poor database security practices at 20 percent of
respondents.
1. Databases containing sensitive information are not
secured.
2. Data breaches have occurred or it cannot be
confirmed breaches have not occurred.
3. Security evaluations are not regularly conducted on
respondents’ databases.
– Securing data is as important as accuracy and
reporting capabilities.
Database Engineer
Career Guide
Jacob Case at Overstock.com

Q. What attracted you to this field?
A. “I still remember my first database class. I just had a feeling that it
was important because I knew businesses derive information and
critical insights from data, and these insights are used to make critical
business decisions. I knew that if I became proficient with managing
and analyzing data I would always have a job.”
Q. What advice would you give to someone who is
considering working in your field?
A. “Don't be intimidated by the idea of working in the field of
information systems. If you are committed to learning, are teachable,
are a great team player, and have a good attitude, you will learn a
tremendous amount.”

Active Review
Q5-4 How do database applications make databases more
useful?
Q5-6 How is a data model transformed into a database
design?
Q5-7 How can Falcon Security benefit from a database
system?
Q5-8 2027?

Dean's Piano Database
Case Study
• Certified piano tuner and

technician repairing and
restoring pianos for
many years.
• Clown entertainer at
children’s parties.
Figure 5-30 Deano the Clown

Source: Dean Petrich

Pianos in Storage
Case Study
Figure 5-31 Pianos in Storage Figure 5-32 Pianos in Tent

Source: David Kroenke Source: David Kroenke

Columns in the Piano Table
Case Study
Figure 5-33 Columns in the Piano Table


Query Design and Result
Case Study
Figure 5-34 Example Query


Results from Query
Case Study
Figure 5-35 Results from Query in Figure 5-34


Piano Sound Quality by Building
Case Study
Figure 5-36 Piano Sound Quality by Building


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Using MIS

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-1

• Falcon Security stores sequentially numbered

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-2

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-3

• Organize and keep track of things.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-4

Figure 5-1 A List of Student Grades Presented in a Spreadsheet

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-5

Figure 5-2 Student Data Shown in a Form from a Database

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-6

Figure 5-3 Student Table (also called a file)

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-7

Figure 5-4 Hierarchy of Data Elements

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-8

Figure 5-5 Components of a Database

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-9

Figure 5-6 Example of Relationships Among Rows

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-10

Figure 5-7 Sample Metadata (in Access)

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-11

• MaryAnn has a data mart.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-12

• Queries could reveal all sorts of patterns and

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-13

• CIOs are looking to merge the storage and

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-14

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-15

• Program to create, process, administer a

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-16

• DBMS Process Operations

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-17

• Structured Query Language - SQL (see-quell)

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-18

Figure 5-8 Adding a New Column to a Table (in Access)

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-19

• Set up security system, user accounts, passwords,

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-20

Figure 5-9 Summary of Database Administration (DBA) Tasks

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-21

Category Database Administration Task Description

Figure 5-9 Summary of Database Administration (DBA) Tasks

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-22

Queries Search using values provided by user.

Application Provide security, data consistency, special purpose processing,

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-23

Figure 5-10 Components of a Database Application System

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-24

Figure 5-11 Example of a Student Report

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-25

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-26

Figure 5-13 Four Application Programs on a Web Server Computer

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-27

Figure 5-14 Account Creation Browser Form

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-28

Figure 5-15 Browser Report

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-29

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-30

1.Andrea reads 3. Andrea puts both in 5. Andrea proceeds

2. Jeffrey reads 4.Jeffrey puts both

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-31

Figure 5-17 Database Development Process

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 5-32

• Uniquely identifies one entity