Return-Ratio & Blackman-Formula

Return-Ratio
&
Blackman-Formula

1
Current flow & Power dissipation inside

Fig-1.44c

2
 O/P saturation: inverting Amplifier

If input is triangular wave of, say, ± 5 V peak values, the output will be an (inverted) triangular wave of ±10 V peak
values, VN will be triangular wave of ±10/200,000 = ±50-μV peak values.
If input is triangular wave of, say, ± 10 V peak values, the output will be an (inverted) triangular wave of ±133 V peak
values, VN will be triangular wave of ±10/200,000 = ±50-μV peak values.
O/P under saturation
• If input is triangular wave of, say, ± 5 V peak
values, the output will be an (inverted)
triangular wave of ±10 V peak values, VN will
be triangular wave of ±10/200,000 = ±50-μV
peak values.
• If input is triangular wave of, say, ± 10 V peak
values, the output will be an (inverted)
triangular wave of ±13 V peak values, VN will
be triangular wave of ±10/200,000 = ±50-μV
peak values.

4
Op-amp model: considering saturation

5
Current flow
Virtually no current flows in or out of the input
pins of an op amp, the only current-carrying
terminals are the output and the supply pins.

For an op amp sourcing current we have:

iCC = iEE +iO, and
for an op amp sinking current we have:
iEE = iCC + iO.
In the special case in which iO = 0, we have:
iCC = iEE = IQ,
where IQ is quiescent supply current.
The flow of currents IQ and iO through the
op amp causes internal power dissipation.
Should be below rating specified in the data
sheets. 6
Recall: Negative FB system

Negative-feedback system representation in terms of Aideal and the

loop gain L.

7
 Importance of loop gain “L”

L provides a measure of the closed-loop gain’s departure from the ideal

8
Recall: Importance of loop gain “L”…..

9
 Input & output resistance transformation

1. if you had to choose between an op amp with poor rd and ro but excellent a;
2. and one with excellent rd and ro but poor a;
3. go for the case-1, as the ensuing high L will make up for its poor rd and ro
characteristics;
4. (see Problem 1.60).
The higher L, the closer the closed-loop characteristics to ideal.

10
 Unilateral FB network

Non-Ideal op amp model.

1. feedback networks are generally bilateral.

Ideal op amp model.

11
Starting: Return-Ratio & Blackman-Formula

12
 -ve FB in terms of , T , and : a

T = the return-ratio loop gain

(a) Noninverting amplifier

(b) feedthrough signal transmission.

13
 -ve FB in terms of , T , and : Compared

Negative-feedback system in terms

of Aideal and the loop gain L.
Negative-feedback system in terms
of Aideal, T , and aft.

14
 Observations: T , L, , rd ,ro

• In a good-quality op amp rd is large and ro is small, so for the present circuits T will
be somewhat lower than L (though presumably not by much),
• and aft will not be that large, indicating that by the time aft gets divided by 1 + T ,
its contribution to A is likely to be negligible for large T

15
 Direct calculation of T
Though Eq.

was a by-product of the foregoing analysis, T can be calculated directly as

follows:
(a) set the input source (or sources in multiple-input circuits such as summing
or difference amplifiers) to zero,
(b) break the circuit right at the dependent source’s output,
(c) inject a test voltage vT downstream of the source,
(d) find the voltage avD returned by the source, and
(e) obtain T as the negative of the ratio of the returned
voltage to the applied test voltage (hence the name return ratio)

16
 Calculation of for non-inverting Amplifier

(a) Inverting amplifier

(b) feedthrough signal transmission. 17

THANK YOU

18