OUT-OF-SCHOOL

YOUTH: THE RESULT

OF FAULTY CHILD
UPBRINGING
Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study is to determine the Out Of School

Youth: The Result of Faulty Child Upbringing.
Specifically, it seeks to answers the following questions.
1. What are the profile of the respondents in terms of the
following:
1.1 Name (optional)
1.2 Age
1.3 Gender
1.4 Educational Attainment
2. What are the challenges encountered during the upbringing of
child that result to Out-of-School Youth?
3. What is the level of effectiveness of the intervention programs
for minor children to prevent out-of-school youth?
Review of Related Literature
The PSA defines out-of-school children (6-14 years old) are
those who don't attend school, while those aged 15-24 are those who
haven't completed a course or are unemployed. This trend is harmful to
these youth, leading to increased child maltreatment, crime rates,
pregnancy, and exposure to illegal drugs. The government is working to
address these issues. (Child Hope, 2017)

According to the study conducted by Teneva (2018) and Simic &

Krstic (2017) found that factors contributing to school dropout include
high rates of student discrimination, school violence, anxiety,
disputes between students and teachers, and unfavorable attitudes
towards teachers. Other main causes include individual subject failure,
inadequate motivation, poor quality instruction, lack of learning and
emotional support, and ineffective teacher-student interactions.
 The 2013 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey
(FLEMMS) revealed that one in every ten Filipino children and youth,
or 4 million, was out-of-school in 2013. The highest proportion was
14.4% in ARMM, with six regions having higher proportions than the
national figure at 10.6%. The lowest proportion was 7.1% in CAR. The
proportion of out-of-school youth was higher among youth than
children. The proportion of out-of-school youth across regions ranged
from 14.5% to 20.4%, with children's proportions ranging from 1.7% to
4.9%, except for ARMM at 10.9%. The proportion of out-of-school
children and youth was higher among females than males in all regions.
(Philippine Statics Authority, 2015).
Review of Related Studies

According to the study made by Aspiras (2021), from Quirino

State University, Cabarroguis Campus, Philippines, aimed to explore
the life stories and hopes of out-of-school youths using narrative
inquiry and phenomenological research design. Five participants
were selected using chain-referral sampling and participated in an
individual open-ended and in-depth interview. The narratives were
categorized into three categories: those during school, those after
dropping out, and the hopes of the participants. The study
identified four themes: struggle to survive, push, pull, and fall
out, bullying, blended, low, lone, and leave. The hope for
education and employment, the revival of pride and self-esteem, and
support and assistance were also identified. The researchers
proposed initiatives to address the hopes of the participants, such
as organizing the Parent Teachers Association, collaborating with
the PSWD, DTI, and TESDA, and implementing collaborative extension
programs across various university departments.
 The study by Vito and Niones (2018) reveals that out-of-school
youth in Clarin, Bohol face numerous challenges, including limited
employment opportunities and uncertain futures. The study identified
five factors influencing out-of-school youth: lack of free tuition,
financial incapacity of parents, difficulty passing entrance exams,
disinterest in school, and early marriage. The financial incapacity of
parents was the most significant factor. Out of 1118 identified youth,
the Chi-square Test of Independence revealed a significant difference in
all factors affecting out-of-school youth. The findings suggest a need
for financial support through livelihood projects and scholarships for
those pursuing education. The study highlights the need to address these
issues and improve the financial situation of out-of-school youth in
Clarin, Bohol.
The study by Mahinay (2019) reveals that the primary reasons for
out-of-school youth are lack of interest (43.18%), laziness (33.18%) due
to lack of regular transportation, over-lapping school projects, and
lack of parental support. Financial support or poverty (30.45%) is also
a significant factor, with 22.27% of students working to make their own
money. Additionally, 22.27% of students have failed subjects. The study
suggests that parents must support their children financially,
emotionally, and physically, be sensitive to their children's
performance
and behavior, and guide and encourage them to excel in school. The
importance of education must be instilled in the young minds, and
parents must play a crucial role in addressing these issues.
 Significance of the study
The study shall determine the Out Of School Youth: The

Result of Faulty Child Upbringing.

Furthermore, the results of this study are seen beneficial

to the following
• Educational Institution

• Government and Policymakers

• Social Workers and Counsellors

• Community Organizations

• Parents and Families

• Employers and the Workforce

Research Paradigm

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

1. The profile of the

Out of School Youth: The
respondents.
Result of Faulty Child
2. The challenges
Upbring.
encountered during
the upbringing of
child that result to
Out-of-School Youth.
3. The level of
effectiveness of the
intervention programs
for minor children to
prevent Out-of-School Moderator Variables
Youth.
Selected Teacher,
Barangay Officials,
Social Workers and
Selected Residents of
Sta. Cruz, Zambales.
Theoretical Framework
Differential Association Theory
According to Edwin Sutherland’s differential association
theory, criminal behavior can be taught. If a person has a history
of adopting views that encourage breaking the law rather than
attitudes that see breaking the law unfavourably, they are
considered delinquent.
Attachment Theory
John Bowly, a British Psychologist, was the first theorist
who describe that attachment as a “lasting psychological
connectedness between human beings.” Attachment is generally defined
as an emotional bond with another person.
Deviant Affiliation Theory
The third theory primarily concentrates on the detrimental
interactions and influences that contribute to dropout rates, such
as familial abuse or rejection. This theory is based on research on
peer and student impact conducted by Hallinan and Williams in 1990.
Research Methodology

Descriptive survey research will be employed to

describe and determine the profile of the respondents, the
challenges encountered during the upbringing of child that
result to Out-of-School Youth and the level of effectiveness of
the intervention programs for minor children to prevent out-of-
school youth.
Population and Locale of the Study
Respondents No. of Percentage
Respondents

Teachers 40 20%

Barangay 40 20%
Officials

Social Workers 20 10%

Residents 100 50%

Total: 200 100%

Map of the Municipality of Sta. Cruz, Zambales
Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Data Gathering Tools

Data Gathering Procedures

 Statistical Tools
To compute the percentage;
%=
% - Percentage

F - Frequency (Number of Respondents)

N - Total Number of Respondents

For weighted Mean;

WM=f(x)/N
WM - Weighted Mean

F - Frequency (Number of
Respondents)
X - Weighted of Each Item in a Row
N - Total Number of Respondents
For Total Weighted Mean;
TWM=ƩWM
TWM - Total Weighted Mean
Ʃ - Summation
WM - Weighted Mean

For Average Total Weighted Mean;

ATWM =
ATWM - Average Total Weighted Mean
TWM - Total Weighted Mean
Ʃ - Summation
n - Number of Items
 The challenges encountered during the upbringing of child that
result to Out-of-School Youth.
Questions: TMW D R

1. Lack of parental engagement could negatively impact a child’s

education and increase the risk of dropping out.
3.68 SA 1
2. Limited access to educational resources such as books and technology,
plays a role in the challenges faced by children in their upbringing.
3.54 SA 7
3. Presence peer pressure significantly contributes to children opting
out of school.
3.51 SA 9
4. Child’s mental health problem and well-being can possibly leading to
them becoming an out of school youth.
3.53 SA 8
5. Connection between the quality of education provided and the
likelihood of students dropping out.
3.55 SA 6
6. Economic difficulties are financial capabilities in a family
contribute to the challenges faced by children that may lead to dropping
out of school. 3.5 SA 10
7. Educational level of parents plays a role in influencing their
children from becoming out-of-school youth.
3.57 SA 4.5
8. Emotional support in a child’s upbringing contribute to challenges in
their education.
3.57 SA 4.5
9. Parental substance abuse contribute to faulty upbringing, potentially
leading to a child becoming out-of-school youth.
3.59 SA 3
10. Parental neglect contribute to challenges faced by a child that may
result in child becoming an out-of-school youth.
3.66 SA 2
Average total weighted mean (ATWM) 3.57 SA
 The level of effectiveness of the intervention programs of the LGU
for minor children.
Questions: TMW D R

1. The LGU provide vitamins for children 15 years old and below.
3.38 VME 4.5
2. The LGU provide school supplies for minor children.
3.38 VME 4.5
3. LGUs, in collaboration with DSWD, may organize ALS program to provide
non-formal education for out-of-school youth.
3.41 VME 2
4. LGU provide a home visitation program to support and resources to
families with young children, such a parenting education.
3.34 VME 8
5. To help parents in their position, LGUs provide parenting training,
seminars, and counselling services.
3.5 VME 9
6. LGUs may implement programs that aim to improve children’s health and
nutrition.
3.37 VME 6
7. LGUs vaccination drives and health care check-ups to ensure children’s
physical well-being and prevent illness.
3.36 VME 7
8. LGUs educating youngsters about environmental stewardship and
responsibility through clean-up drives, tree planting events, and
environmental awareness initiatives. 3.29 VME 10
9. The LGU creating child-friendly areas, hotlines, and counselling
facilities to report and handle child exploitation, abuse, and neglect
incidents. 3.39 VME 3
10. The LGU providing access to quality education through scholarships
and other educational assistance.
3.47 VME 1
Average total weighted mean (ATWM) 3.39 VME
Findings
Based on the result, the findings of the study of out-of-school
youth: the result of faulty children's upbringing, the challenges
encountered during the upbringing of a child that results in Out-of-
School Youth most of the respondents’ responses strongly agreed with an
average total weighted mean of 3.57 and for the level of effectiveness
of the intervention programs of the LGU for minor children, the survey
result revealed that most of the respondents answered very much
effective with an average total weighted mean of 3.39.
Conclusion

Based on the results of the research, the following conclusions were drawn. According to Teachers, Barangay Officials, Social Workers,
and other selected residents of Sta. Cruz, Zambales the lack of parental engagement could negatively impact a child’s education and increase
the risk of dropping out is the main reason for the increasing number of youth who are not attending school.
Providing access to quality education through scholarships and other educational assistance was very much effective intervention
program of the LGU.
Recommendation

The researchers hereby recommended the following:

1. Parents must maintain open communication with their children. Parents must spend
quality time such as reading together, engaging in conversation about their day, or
participating in activities.
2. The Local Government Unit of Sta. Cruz, Zambales must provide efforts to implement
more educational assistance so that it will help students to pursue their education.
THANK YOU AND
GOD BLESSED!!!