Dasar-Dasar Manajemen Sumberdaya Perikanan

PIM20192131 2/0 SKS

KONDISI SUMBERDAYA IKAN

Dr. Eko Setyobudi, S.Pi., M.Si.

Candra Aryudiawan, S.Pi., M.Si.
Tim Dosen MSA
The role of fish in the ecosystem
 The ocean : tremendously diverse and species rich,
home of countless organisms living in very different
ecosystems.
 Fish  a key component of marine biotic communities.
 Closely bond with humankind for millennia  provide
people with food.
 Around 43 million people worldwide make their living
directly from fishing or fish breeding.
 People are careless with this natural resource.
The role of fish in the ecosystem …….

 Many fishing grounds have been overfished.

 The ocean is being polluted by effluents from industry, settlements
and agriculture. Some habitats such as mangrove forests are
destroyed directly by construction.
 There are over 30,000 fish species in the world. Some are only a
few centimetres long and live hidden among corals.
 The blue marlin in the Atlantic, are up to 3 metres long and roam
the open sea.
 Fish species  part of a habitat, an ecosystem, and exists in
complex interdependence with many other species in a food web.
Interrelationships between organisms can be
illustrated as a food web with various trophic levels
Sumber: World Ocean Review, 2013
Sardines are also threatened by
predators from the air. Cape gannets
off South Africa can plunge up to 8
metres below the surface to grab their
prey
Sumber: World Ocean Review, 2013
Copepods are usually only a few
hundred micrometres to a few
millimetres in size. They are an
important food staple for fish and for
other crustaceans, and make up the
largest share of the marine zooplankton
Sumber: World Ocean Review, 2013
The environment
 Fluctuations in the size of fish stocks  not only caused by fisheries.
Changes in environmental conditions also affect the stocks.
 Example: The Baltic Sea cod produce more offspring in cold, salty
water than in warmer water with a lower salinity.
 The El Niño climate phenomenon operates in the Pacific alters the
current direction in upwelling regions, in this case between the west
coast of South America and Indonesia.
What are Fishery Resources
 Fishery resources  comprehensive definition and, in general, refer to
all animals that predominantly inhabit aquatic habitats and are
captured by humans (Gartside and Kirkegaard, 2009).
 Fishery resources are stocks of target species and their environment
(Edwards, 2005).
 Invertebrates (e.g., mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, and even
sponges) and vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals) 
considered fishery resources, although only fishes and crustaceans
(i.e., marine lobsters, shrimps, and crabs) are quantified in fisheries
statistics (Pinto et al., 2018).
What are Fishery Resources
 Fishery resources are comprised of myriad biological (e.g., plankton
fish, and mammal species), chemical (e.g., salinity, oxygen
concentration), and physical (e.g., sediment type, oil and gas reserve,
currents, space) attributes which can be further differentiated by
quantity, quality, and relational attributes.
 For example, a species of fish could be defined by stocks, biomass,
population, structure (age, size, sex), geographic location and scale,
gene pool, disease, dynamics (life cycle, migration, fecundity,
recruitment, growth rate, natural mortality), coexistence with other
species, diet, habitat requirements, and so forth.
 Many of the same attributes can also be used to describe different life
stages, cohorts, or even individual fish.
What does overfishing mean?
 Fish cannot be counted like elephants in a national park. Fishery biologists
therefore have to calculate the size of a stock based on specific
parameters.
 The size of the annual catch is important.
 If this declines it could be a sign that the stock size is shrinking. The
quantity of sexually mature adult fish, the spawners, is also important
because they determine how many offspring are produced.
 A stock can only sustain itself if the new offspring can compensate for the
number of fish that are caught or die of natural causes.
 Fishery biologists commonly assign stocks to one of several categories:
moderately exploited, fully exploited, over exploited, depleted, or
recovering.
What does overfishing mean?

 A stock is considered to be fully exploited when it is fished to the

maximum and an increase in the catch is not possible.
 If the fishing is intensified at this point, the stock is then pushed into
the overexploited status. This stock then continues to decline because
there are not enough offspring being produced. The stock is
considered to be depleted when the catch is significantly below the
historically expected amounts.
What does overfishing mean?

 Many researchers define this situation as the point when only 10 per
cent of the highest historical catch is achieved. When a stock is
depleted the catch cannot be increased even with intensified fishing,
which is referred to as an increase in fishing effort.
 A stock is considered to be recovering when the catch begins to rise
again after depletion.
 The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
presently uses three categories to describe the status of the stocks:
non-fully exploited, fully exploited, and overexploited.
The art of counting fish
 Humans are not capable of looking into the ocean
and counting the fish they see. Instead, they must
try to estimate the size of fish stocks as accurately
as possible.
 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) uses various sources to estimate
global fish stocks and trends as accurately as
possible.
 The results are published every two years in the
SOFIA Report (The State of World Fisheries and
Aquaculture).
The art of counting fish
 FISHERIES – Fishermen report their catches to their government
authorities, such as the Ministries of Fisheries. The authorities are
obliged to send this data to the FAO. The data is also forwarded to
scientists in their own country.
 THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY – Fisheries’ data is often incomplete or
incorrect. For instance, fishermen only report the amounts of those
fish which they are officially permitted to catch. They do not include
any unwanted “bycatch” – all the fish and marine fauna which are
caught inadvertently and until now have mostly been thrown back
overboard.
 An quantitative assessment of bycatch levels would, however, be
crucial as this could provide a more realistic estimate of the actual
status of fish stocks.
The art of counting fish

Sumber: World Ocean Review, 2013

The art of counting fish

 The FAO divides the oceans into 19 major fishing areas.

 This regional classification has evolved over time.
 It simplifies the collection of data on fish catches, because
the regional authorities and fishery associations work
closely together.
Areas with fluctuating catch volumes
 The Eastern Central Atlantic (FAO fishing area 34), the Southwest Atlantic
(41), the North- west Pacific (61), the Northeast Pacific (67), the Eastern
Central Pacific (77) and the Southeast Pacific (87)  provided on average
52 per cent of the total global catch volume (in the past five years)
 Northwest Atlantic (FAO fishing area 21), the Northeast Atlantic (27), the
Western Central Atlantic (31), the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (both
37), the South- east Atlantic (47) and the Southwest Pacific (81) 
decreased over the years, provided an average 20 per cent of the world’s
total catch (in the past 5 years)
 Three of the FAO major fishing areas  the Western Central Pacific (FAO
fishing area 71), the Eastern Indian Ocean (57) and the Western Indian
Ocean (51)  continuously increasing since the 1950s.
1950s
 Sumber: World Ocean Review, 2013

 Provided on average 52 per cent of the total global catch volume

 Decreased over the years, provided an average 20 per cent of the world’s total catch
 Continuously increasing since the 1950s
The Status of Fishery Resources

Sumber: FAO, 2020

The Status of Fishery Resources

 FAO’s assessment:
 The fraction of fish stocks that are within biologically
sustainable levels decreased from 90 % (1974) to 65.8
% (2017).
 The percentage of stocks fished at biologically
unsustainable levels increased, especially in the late
1970s and 1980s from 10 % (1974) to 34.2 % (2017).
 The high proportion of stocks fished at biologically
unsustainable levels: Mediterranean and Black Sea (Area 37)
 highest percentage (62.5 %), the Southeast Pacific (Area
87)  54.5 %, and Southwest Atlantic (Area 41)  53.3 %.
 The lowest proportion of stocks fished at biologically
unsustainable levels: the Eastern Central Pacific (Area 77),
Southwest Pacific (Area 81), Northeast Pacific (Area 67), and
Western Central Pacific (Area 71)  (13–22 %)
The Status of Fishery Resources

Sumber: FAO, 2020

Fishery Resources in Indonesia
 The government funded the agency to assess the status of
a fish species.
 Based on Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs Law
Number 30/2016 on National Committe of Fishery
Resources Asssesment (KOMNAS KAJISKAN)
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
 Kelompok jenis ikan yang dikaji  8 kelompok yaitu: demersal, ikan karang,
udang, lobster, pelagis kecil, cumi-cumi, tongkol dan pelagis besar non tuna.
 Pelagis besar tuna tidak dibahas, ‘assessment’ sumberdaya ikan tuna yang
mempunyai sifat migrasi jauh (highly migratory species) harus dilakukan dengan
mengikutsertakan data dari negara-negara yang terletak pada alur migrasi dari
ikan tersebut.
 Kelompok ikan demersal (termasuk karang)  jenis-jenis ikan yang sebagian
besar dari masa kehidupannya berada di dasar atau dekat dasar perairan.
 Sumber daya ikan pelagis (termasuk cumi-cumi) adalah jenis-jenis ikan yang
sebagian besar dari siklus hidupnya berada di permukaan atau dekat permukaan
perairan, dengan karakteristik: membentuk gerombolan yang cukup besar,
beruaya (migrasi) yang cukup jauh dengan gerak/aktifitas yang cepat.
Fishery Resources in Indonesia

 Kajian stok sumberdaya ikan untuk mengestimasi potensi produksi

sumberdaya ikan dilakukan dengan beberapa model dan metoda
kuantitatif disesuaikan dengan ketersediaan data dan karakteristik
perikanannya. Pada dasarnya metode ini digolongkan menjadi model
holistik dan analitik.
 Metoda kajian tersebut mencakup analisis kuantitatif baku (holistik)
yang digunakan dalam biologi perikanan (model surplus
produksi/surplus production model dan swept area method) dan
teknik estimasi dengan akustik (Widodo, 2003), maupun metoda
yang digunakan dalam operation research yaitu model optimasi
(Purwanto, 2003).
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
 Dalam kurun waktu 9 tahun terakhir, terjadi perubahan stok sumber daya
ikan di Indonesia.
 Perubahan tercantum dalam 3 Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan
Republik Indonesia.
 KEPMEN KP RI No. 45 Tahun 2011 tentang Estimasi Potensi Sumber Daya Ikan
di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia.
 KEPMEN KP RI No. 47 Tahun 2016 tentang Estimasi Potensi, Jumlah Tangkapan
yang Diperbolehkan dan Tingkat Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Ikan di Wilayah
Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia.
 KEPMEN KP RI No. 50 Tahun 2017 tentang Estimasi Potensi, Jumlah Tangkapan
yang Diperbolehkan dan Tingkat Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Ikan di Wilayah
Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia.
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia

Tingkat pemanfaatan
 E < 0,5= Moderate, upaya penangkapan dapat
ditambah;
 0,5 ≤ E < 1= Fully-exploited, upaya penangkapan
dipertahankan dengan monitor ketat;
 E ≥ 1 = Over-exploited, upaya penangkapan
harus dikurangi.
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Fishery Resources in Indonesia
Bagaimana jika produksi
melebihi potensi????
Terima kasih