Testis

&
Ovary

-Arshminder Singh Chahal

TESTIS
INTRODUCTION

• Also known as the testicles

• A pair of small, oval-shaped
male reproductive organs
• Located in the scrotum (bag
of skin that holds and helps to
protect the testicles)
ANATOMY OF
TESTIS
• In humans each testis weighs about 25
grams (0.875 ounce) and is 4–5 cm (1.6–
2.0 inches) long and 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2
inches) in diameter.
• Tunica Albuginea: The tunica albuginea
is a tough, fibrous capsule that surrounds
each testis.
• Lobes: Inside each testis, the tunica
albuginea extends inward, dividing the
testis into approximately 200 to 400
wedge-shaped sections known as lobes.
These lobes serve as structural units within
the testis.
ANATOMY OF TESTIS

• Seminiferous Tubules: Each lobe contains multiple,

coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules. These tubules
are where the process of sperm production, known as
spermatogenesis, takes place.
• Sertoli Cells: These cells, also found within the
seminiferous tubules, provide support and nourishment to
developing sperm cells during spermatogenesis.
• Leydig Cells: These interstitial cells, located in the spaces
between the seminiferous tubules, are responsible for
producing testosterone, a crucial male sex hormone.
FUNCTIONS

Sperm Sperm Hormone

Production Storage Production
SPERMATOGENESIS

• The seminiferous tubules, in which

the sperm are produced, constitute
about 90 percent of the testicular
mass.
• This is the process by which
spermatogonia cells within the
seminiferous tubules divide and
differentiate into sperm cells. It's a
complex and tightly regulated
process that culminates in the
production of fully mature sperm.
HORMONE
PRODUCTION
• Testosterone
• Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
• Estradiol
•
Interaction of Testosterone with
Dietary Foods
• Certain foods, including oysters, leafy greens, fatty fish,
and olive oil, may encourage the body to produce more
testosterone. Foods that contain zinc, vitamin D, and
magnesium may be key.
• Exercising and reducing stress can also help boost low
testosterone.
Interaction of Other Hormones
with Dietary Foods
• There is no such interaction of food with other
hormones, Overall, maintaining a balanced diet,
maintaining a healthy weight, and adopting a healthy
lifestyle are important for supporting normal inhibin B
levels and overall testicular function in males.
• Additionally, dietary factors that affect overall health,
such as obesity or excessive alcohol consumption, can
indirectly impact hormone levels
HORMONES THAT STIMULATE THE TESTES

LH and FSH
Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
HORMONES THAT STIMULATE THE TESTES
OVARIES
INTRODUCTION

• Ovaries are the female gonads

• the primary female reproductive organs. These glands
have three important functions:
• Secrete hormones,
• Protect the eggs
• they release eggs for possible fertilization
SIZE AND LOCATION

• Human females are typically born with two ovaries stemming from
the uterus.
• Before puberty, ovaries are just long bundles of tissue
• As the female matures, so do her ovaries. When mature, ovaries are
about the size of a large grape.
• The ovaries lie on either side of the uterus
FUNCTIONS

• Ovaries have two main functions in the body –

to house and release eggs (ova) and to make
hormones, including estrogen, progesterone
and testosterone.
FUNCTIONS

Development of
Development of the
female physical Regulating the
female reproductive Fertility
characteristics (e.g. menstrual cycle
organs
breasts, pubic hair)

Bone health – growth Protecting blood Supporting the

Pregnancy
and mineral density vessels from damage immune system
HORMONE
PRODUCTION
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
• Testosterone
• Anti-Mullerian hormone
(AMH)
• Inhibin A & Inhibin B
Interaction of Inhibin A & B
with Dietary Foods
While the effects of specific foods on inhibin
levels are not as extensively studied as with other
hormones, overall dietary patterns and lifestyle
factors can influence their production.
Estrogen and
Progesterone

• Estrogen and progesterone

levels rise and fall across the
menstrual cycle in response to
hormone signals from the
pituitary gland.
• A menstrual cycle is the length
of time between the first day of
one period to the first day of
the next period. This normally
takes between 24 and 35 days,
however can be longer or
shorter
Interaction of Estrogen with Dietary Foods

The interaction between estrogen and food involves various factors, including phytoestrogens, dietary fiber,
alcohol, processed foods, organic choices, dairy products, and red meat.
1. Phytoestrogens: Found in foods like soy products, flaxseeds, sesame seeds, and certain fruits and vegetables,
phytoestrogens can exert weak estrogenic effects in the body. Their consumption may influence estrogen levels,
although the overall impact can vary among individuals.
2. Dietary Fiber: High-fiber diets from sources like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can aid in the excretion
of excess estrogen from the body, helping to regulate estrogen levels.
3. Alcohol: Excessive alcohol consumption can disrupt estrogen metabolism and clearance, potentially leading to
elevated estrogen levels. Limiting alcohol intake is important for maintaining balanced estrogen levels.
4. Processed Foods and Added Sugars: Diets high in processed foods and refined carbohydrates may contribute
to insulin resistance and obesity, which can disrupt estrogen balance in the body.
Interaction of Estrogen with
Dietary Foods
5. Organic Choices: Some studies suggest that exposure to
pesticides and environmental toxins found in non-organic foods
may disrupt hormone balance, including estrogen levels.
Choosing organic options may reduce this potential exposure.
6. Dairy Products: High intake of dairy products, particularly
those derived from conventionally raised cows, may influence
estrogen levels in certain individuals.
7. Red Meat: Consumption of red meat, particularly processed
and unprocessed varieties, may be associated with elevated
estrogen levels in some studies. Factors such as the presence of
hormones in meat or cooking methods may contribute to this
effect.
Interaction of Progesterone with
Dietary Foods
When it comes to progesterone, dietary factors can also play a role in influencing its levels in the body. Here's
an overview of how certain foods and dietary patterns may interact with progesterone:
1. Healthy Fats: Including sources of healthy fats in your diet, such as avocados, nuts, seeds, and olive oil,
can support hormone production, including progesterone. These fats provide the building blocks
necessary for hormone synthesis.
2. Whole Grains: Whole grains like oats, quinoa, brown rice, and barley are rich in B vitamins and other
nutrients that support hormone balance. Consuming whole grains as part of a balanced diet can help
promote progesterone production.
3. Leafy Greens: Dark leafy greens such as spinach, kale, and Swiss chard are rich in magnesium, which is
important for hormone regulation, including progesterone synthesis.
4. Vitamin B6-Rich Foods: Foods high in vitamin B6, such as chickpeas, salmon, potatoes, bananas, and
poultry, can help support progesterone production. Vitamin B6 is involved in the metabolism of
hormones, including progesterone.
5. Zinc-Rich Foods: Zinc is another important nutrient for hormone production, and including zinc-rich
foods like oysters, beef, pumpkin seeds, and lentils in your diet can support progesterone levels.
THANK YOU