Malaria

Malaria is a potentially life-threatening mosquito-borne infectious

disease caused by parasitic protozoa of the Plasmodium genus. It is
transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Anopheles
mosquitoes.
 Causes:

Parasite Transmission: Malaria is caused by several species of the

Plasmodium parasite, including---
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium malariae
• Plasmodium ovale.
Mosquito Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary
vectors responsible for transmitting the malaria parasite.
Clinical Features:

• Fever: Fever is one of the hallmark symptoms of malaria. It typically presents with periodic
spikes, corresponding to the cyclical replication of the malaria parasite within red blood cells.
• Chills and Sweats: Patients may experience episodes of chills followed by profuse sweating
as the fever subsides. These cycles of fever, chills, and sweating are characteristic of malaria.
• Headache: Headaches are common in malaria and can range from mild to severe.
• Muscle and Joint Pain: Patients may experience generalized body aches, muscle pain, and
joint pain.
• Fatigue and Weakness: Malaria can cause profound fatigue and weakness, leading to
decreased energy levels and activity intolerance.
• Nausea, Vomiting, and Diarrhea: Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea may occur, particularly in severe cases or with certain malaria species.
• Anemia: Malaria can cause hemolytic anemia due to the destruction of red blood cells by the
parasite.
Nursing Management:

• Early Recognition and Diagnosis: Promptly recognize symptoms and facilitate

diagnostic testing.
• Antimalarial Treatment: Administer prescribed medications as directed.
• Vital Sign Monitoring: Monitor vital signs for signs of worsening infection or
complications.
• Fluid and Electrolyte Management: Provide IV fluids and electrolyte
replacement as needed.
• Symptom Management: Alleviate symptoms with appropriate medications
(e.g., antipyretics, analgesics, antiemetics).
• Health Education: Educate patients and caregivers on malaria prevention
measures.
Prevention of Malaria:

• Vector Control: Use insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, and
environmental management to reduce mosquito populations.
• Chemoprophylaxis: Take antimalarial medications for travelers to endemic areas
and administer intermittent preventive treatment to vulnerable populations.
• Personal Protection Measures: Use mosquito repellents, wear protective
clothing, and avoid outdoor activities during peak mosquito biting times.
• Community Engagement and Education: Conduct health education campaigns
and community mobilization efforts to raise awareness and promote community
involvement in malaria control.
• Environmental Modifications: Implement land use planning strategies to alter
mosquito breeding habitats and reduce human-vector interactions.
Complications of Malaria:

• Cerebral Malaria
• Severe Anemia
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
• Organ Dysfunction
• Hypoglycemia
• Pregnancy Complications
• Relapse and Recurrence