MALARIA

POOJA KUMARI
16MCRBS59061
Overview

 1) Maleria Pathology
 Transmission
 How and through what route?
 Main reservoirs?
 Preverntion?
 Life Cycle
 Clinical manifestation
 High risk group
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
 Use of genetically modified mosquitos
Transmission

 How and through which route does Malaria infect humans?

 Transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anophleles

mosquito most frequently between dusk and down.
 Risk of transmission is increased through exposure.
 Between dusk and dawn
 In rural areas.
 At the end of the rainy season
 Below 2000m
 Rarely
 Transmission by blood transfution
 Transmission by shared needle use.
 Congenital transmission from mother to fetus.
 Transmission

 What are the main reservoirs for the disease.

 Infection caused by eukaryotic single-celled microorganism of genus
Plasmodium
 Four species infecting humans:
 Plasmodium falciparum(may be fatal, sub-Saharan Africa)
 Plasmodium vivax(most widespread,but rarely fatal, indian
subcontinent)
 Plasmodium ovale(least common,west Africa)
 Plasmodium malariae(worldwide but low frequency)
Transmission

 What can be done in order to prevent transmission?

 Aviod mosquitoes and bites
 Physical barriers : mosquito nets,clothing
 Chemical barriers:
 repellents: keep mosquito from biting
 “Natural based” repellents
 Other synthetic repllents
 Insectisides kill mosquitoes
 Treated mosquito nets
 Treated clothing
 DDT
Life Cycle

 Extreamely complex
 Involves various proteins that ensure intracellular and
extra-cellular survival.
 Invasion or different cell types
 Evasion of the host immune system
Sporogony

 Gametocytes are ingested into the midgut of feeding

mosquitoes.
 Fertilization
 Gametes fuse
 Zygote formation
 Development of an oocyst
 Sporogony in oocyst produces many sporozoites
 Oocyst raptures releasing,sporozoites
 Sporozoites migrates to slivary gland
Clinical manifestations in humans

 Develop 6 days several months after mosquito bite

 Characterised by fever and flu-like symptoms
o Headache
Abdominal pain
 Often rigors and chills
 Classically described alternate-day fevers are often not present
 Severe malaria ( due to P falciparum)may cause…
 Coma
 Renal and respiratory failure
 Anemia (blood loss)
 May lead to death
High risk groups

 Overall case of fatality rate of P. falciparum malaria

imported into Canada varies from approximately 1% to 5%
and increase to 30% for those >70 years of age
 Children
 Pregnant women
Diagnosis

 Combination of clinical observations, case history

and diagnostic tests
 The symptoms of malaria are non-specific and
diagnosis is not possible without a blood film
 The most important factors that determine
patient survival are early diagnosis and
appropriate therapy
 The majority of infections and deaths due to
malaria are preventable.
Treatment

 solution
 Combination therapy, e.g. Artemisinin + fansidar/mefloquine
 Quinine
 First widely used antimalarial treatment
 From bark of Andean cinchona tree
 Fansidar and chloroquine
 Most commonly used
 Most affordable antimalarial drugs
 Goals
 Reduce antimalarial residence
 Prolong useful life of current drugs
 Three combined strategies to reduce malaria transmission:
 Develop clinically approved malaria vaccines
 Drug treatment
 Vector control
THANK YOU