102 - Linux Installation and Package Management

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102: Linux Installation and

Package Management
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Package Management
 Key knowledge areas
 Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate
partitions or disks
 Tailor the design to intended use of the system
 /boot partition, hardware architecture requirements for
booting,
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Package Management
 At installation design your hard disk layout
 Data on devices such as hard disks are accessed randomly and
are called block devices.

 Linux device mapper framework allows the creation of virtual
block devices on which filesystems can be created.

 Virtual block devices: encrypted drives, raid devices
 Logical Volume Manager – provides a method to install
bootable system with a root partition on a logical volume.

 Most Linux releases are aware of LVM.
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Package Management
Hard Drive Partitions
 X86 machines HD only supported 4 partitions
 To overcome 4 partition limitation, backward
compatible mechanism was created to enable one of

the partitions to be extended partition.
 Thus: 3 primary partitions
 1 Extended partition (in this, multiple
logicals)
 Only extended partitions allow creation of many
logical partitions.
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Package Management
Hard Drive Partitions
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Package Management
Hard Drive Partitions – PATA (Parallel ATA)
Physical location Device Name
Primary Master hda
Primary Slave hdb
Secondary master hdc
Secondary slave hdd

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Package Management
Hard Drive Partitions – Partitions
Device Name Description
hda1 First Primary Partition
hda1 Second Primary Partition
hda3 Third Primary Parttiion
hda4 Extended Partition
hda5 First Logical Partition

** Logical partitions always start
from 5,
hda6 Second Logical Partition
… …
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Package Management
Hard Drive Partitions – common partitioning
schemes for smaller systems
Partition Descrition
/boot 50 – 100MB, 1st partition
Swap Swap space, virtual memory
/ Root file system, containing rest of

LINUS OS, and should be allocated
rest of remaining space.
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Package Management
Hard Drive Partitions – Larger Systems
Partition Descrition
/boot 100 – 250MB, for modern computers that
do not have 1024 cylinder limitation
Swap Swap space, virtual memory

/home - User data and documents kept
- Protect kernel filesystem from running
out of space
- Easier to back up data
/usr Contains user application
/var Log files, can rapidly fill up disk space
/tmp Houses all temporary files.

/ Remainder of the filesystem
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Package Management
Hard Drive Partitions – partitioning using fdisk
#fdisk /dev/hda - takes block device as parameter
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Package Management
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Package Management
#fdisk /dev/hda - takes block device as parameter
 To create a new partition, press “n” from prev. menu
 Pressing “p”, assuming you have not created max. number of

primary partitions
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Package Management
 Then you have to decide what type of partition, for
this pressing “l” will give a list of partition types:
 Options 82, and 83 are used to create virtual block

devices.
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Package Management
Formatting Partitions with Filesystems
 ext2 – the oldest and most well supported filesystem
on Linux machines.
 ext3 - an extension of the ext2 filesystem which
adds journaling support

 reiserfs - an enhanced journaling filesystem written
by Hans Reiser
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Package Management
Managing swap space
 Swap space does not contain a file system but is accessed
in raw mode by the Linux kernel.

 After creating the disk partition to be used as swap space ,
you will need to activate it with

e.g. swapon /dev/sda2
 During system installation this will be done automatically
for you. Information on the swap partition can be

displayed with swapon.
e.g swapon -s # Display the available swap partitions
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Package Management
Mounting File system Partitions
 After a partition has been prepared, it has to be
brought for use.

 Mount point, a point in which the new partition is
accessed through
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Package Management
2. Installing boot manager
 A boot loader is in the MBR, system loads what is in the MBR to
RAM.
 In Linux there are two boot loaders:
 Lilo: LInux LOader.
 Grub: Grand Unified Boot Loader.
 Boot loaders allow selection of images one would like to boot
from.
 GRUB is today's default boot loader for many distributions.
 When installing Windows with Linux, install Windows first and
Linux second, because Windows overwrites the MBR without

asking , which first stage boot information is lost.
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Package Management
LILO Boot Loader
 Older boot manager, now replaced by GRUB
 Can be configured in /etc/lilo.conf
19 102: Linux Installation and
Package Management, LILO …
contd
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Package Management
GRUB Boot Loader
 It is a boot loader, capable of loading a variety of
free and proprietary operating systems, so well

works with Linux, DOS, Windows or BSD.
 Dynamically configurable
 Can be installed to any devices (floppy, CD-ROM,
USB drive, network drive), and can load operating

systems from just as many locations.
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Package Management
GRUB Boot Loader … contd.
 It has 3 stages, with stage 1 – the usual job of primary boot
loader, plus it loads stage 1.5

 Stage 1.5 understands a particular file system, ext2, ext3 or
reiserfs, and after loading this loads 2nd boot loader.

 $grub-install #installs grub loader
/boot/grub/grub.conf
/boot/grub/menu.lst Files we edit to
configure
Grub uses hdx – to refer to hard grub
disks irrespective of
PATA/SATA, e.g. hd0
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Package Management
GRUB Boot Loader … contd.
Sample of a
grub
configuration
file
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Package Management
3. Manage Shared Libraries
Key knowledge areas
 identify shared libraries
 Identify the typical locations of system libraries
 Load shared libraries
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Package Management
Introduction
 A library is a set of functions that programs can use to implement
their functionalities.
 When building a program, those libraries can be statically(the
program having its own library) or dynamically (loaded when

program executes lib.so)
 Application developers make use of existing libraries to provide
needed functionality to their applications.

 Build applications with required lib compiled into the
application
 Dynamically link required dependency at run time.
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Package Management
Introduction … contd
 Trusted library file locations in Linux
 /lib – used mainly by /bin programs
 /usr/lib – used mainly by /usr/bin programs
 Additional locations for library files can be
specified in the /etc/ld.so.conf file. This file in turn
include all files under /etc/ld.so.confi.d/ directory
 $ldconfig – command creates fast caches at
/etc/ld.so.cache to optimize loading

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Package Management
The ldd command
 Shows statically or dynamically linked libraries to
applications
e.g. $ldd /usr/sbin/apache2
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Package Management
The LD_LIBRARY_PATH
 Used to override the default search path for dynamic libraries.
 Where you need to use it:

 For applications you have installed from source.
 Testing out for latest version of a library
 If the application relies on an older version of a library
 this adds libraries to a search path.

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Package Management
4. Debian Package Management
Key knowledge areas
 Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary
packages
 Find packages containing specific files or libraries
which may or may not be installed

 Obtain package information like version,
dependencies, package integrity and installation

status (installed? Or not installed?)
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102: Linux Installation and Package Management
Key knowledge areas

 Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary
packages
 Find packages containing specific files or libraries
which may or may not be installed

 Obtain package information like version,
dependencies, package integrity and installation

status (installed? Or not installed?)
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Introduction
 There are two main package management system in
use today:
 RPM package manager – distributions derived from
Redhat
 DPKG manager – distributions derived from Debain
 The debian system is more strict and configurable
than the RPM system and is used by Debian
derivative such as Ubuntu.
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4. Debian Package Management … contd.
Package Naming
Debain package names are formed as follows
name_version-release_architecture.deb
 e.g. xxchat_2.8.6-4ubuntu5_amd64.deb
 Release number – which debian release
 Architecture – a computer architecture (i386, sparc, all)
dpkg
 Command tool used to manage Debian Packages
 Provide package information about: status, selection
states, & flags

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dpkg … contd
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dpkg … contd
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dpkg … contd
Actions
Action Description
-l Print list of files
-s Shows information about a particular installed package
-L List packages included in a package

-i Install package, .deb
--unpack Unpack a .deb package only
--configure Configre unpacked package
-r Remove a file, but leave configuration files
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dpkg … contd
Options
Option Description
--force-thing Force dpkg, force-depends, force-downgrade
--refuse-thing Refuse to do something,
--ignore- Ignore depedencychecking

depends
--no-act Show what dpkg would do, simulate
--R Recursive, with –i or --simulate
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APT
 dpkg tool is fine for installing individual packages with no dependencies, for
such packages apt tool is used instead

 apt provides easy way to installing and updating system
 Controlled by two files:
 /etc/apt/apt.conf – contain proxy address, which Debian releases to install
 /etc/apt/sources.list – lists sources of Debian files, which may be CD, or
on the network
 Once those two files are configured, two command tools are used for
package management, apt-cache, and apt-get

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APT … contd.
 apt-cache
 search: searching for available packages, given a string
 e.g: #apt-cache search skyp, could return skype
 show: shows full description of a package,
 e.g: #apt-cache show skype
 apt-get
 update: update list of packages
 install <pkgname>: install a package, #apt-get install skype
 upgrade: upgrade any packages which have newer versions
 dist-upgrade: upgrade entrire distribution
 remove <pkgname>: remove specified package,
 alien tool: converts rpm package to deb, and vice-versa
 e.g. #alien --to-rpm package.deb
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RPM and YUM Package Manament

Key knowledge areas
 Install, reinstall, upgrade and remove packages using
RPM and YUM

 Obtain information on RPM packages
 Determine what files a package provides
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RPM and YUM Package Manament … contd.

 Some Linux distribution uses rpm “Red Hat Package
Manager” for all its distribution software.

 Package naming:
 name-version-release.architecture.rpm
 Architecture: i386, ia64, noarch
Major and Minor Modes

First option given to rpm is major mode, what ever comes
not as first option is a minor mode.
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 Major mode options
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RPM and YUM Package Management … contd.

 Minor mode options
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 Query modes
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 Some examples [package name: routed-0.17.i386.rpm ]
 Query a package to see its contents before installation
 #rpm -qpl routed-0.17.i386.rpm
 Install this package
 #rpm –i routed-0.17.i386.rpm
 Query the installed package
 #rpm –ql routed
 Query which package installed the file: /usr/sbin/routed
 $rpm –qf /usr/sbin/routed
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YUM package Manager

 Default package manager for many rpm based dists
 It is as apt package manager for Debian based dists, thus installs
with out worrying to dependencies

 yum install: installs package
 #yum install tsclient
 yum groupinstall – installs all related packages
 #yum groupinstall “mysql database

 #yum update – updates package lists
 #yum search PalmPilot – searches for package
 #yum remove tsclient – remove tsclient package
 #yum groupremove “mysql database” – remove related pkgs

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102: Linux Installation and

are called block devices.

block devices on which filesystems can be created.

 Logical Volume Manager – provides a method to install

bootable system with a root partition on a logical volume.

compatible mechanism was created to enable one of

Primary Master hda

Primary Slave hdb

Secondary master hdc

Secondary slave hdd

hda1 First Primary Partition

hda1 Second Primary Partition

hda3 Third Primary Parttiion

hda4 Extended Partition

hda5 First Logical Partition

/boot 50 – 100MB, 1st partition

Swap Swap space, virtual memory

/ Root file system, containing rest of

Swap Swap space, virtual memory

/tmp Houses all temporary files.

 Pressing “p”, assuming you have not created max. number of

this pressing “l” will give a list of partition types:

 Options 82, and 83 are used to create virtual block

adds journaling support

in raw mode by the Linux kernel.

you will need to activate it with

for you. Information on the swap partition can be

brought for use.

Linux second, because Windows overwrites the MBR without

free and proprietary operating systems, so well

USB drive, network drive), and can load operating

loader, plus it loads stage 1.5

reiserfs, and after loading this loads 2nd boot loader.

program having its own library) or dynamically (loaded when

needed functionality to their applications.

/etc/ld.so.cache to optimize loading

 Where you need to use it:

 this adds libraries to a search path.

which may or may not be installed

dependencies, package integrity and installation

Key knowledge areas

which may or may not be installed

dependencies, package integrity and installation

states, & flags

-L List packages included in a package

--refuse-thing Refuse to do something,

--ignore- Ignore depedencychecking

such packages apt tool is used instead

package management, apt-cache, and apt-get

RPM and YUM Package Manament

RPM and YUM

RPM and YUM Package Manament … contd.

Manager” for all its distribution software.

Major and Minor Modes

RPM and YUM Package Manament … contd.

RPM and YUM Package Management … contd.

RPM and YUM Package Manament … contd.

RPM and YUM Package Manament … contd.

YUM package Manager

 It is as apt package manager for Debian based dists, thus installs

with out worrying to dependencies

 #yum install tsclient

 yum groupinstall – installs all related packages