Protein Synthesis
GUESS THE PICTURE!
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DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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RNA Ribonucleic Acid
NESEG
GENES
TIPORNE
PROTEIN
MSOROESMHCO
CHROMOSOMES
LETS WATCH!
LETS DISCUSS!
PROTEINS, GENES,
DNA, AND
CHROMOSOMES 🧬
DNA
Humans and most other organisms are made up of DNA,
or deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a molecule that contains
the hereditary biological instructions to build and maintain
an organism. DNA belong to a type of molecules called
nucleic acids, as seen in its name. Nucleic acids are long
chains of nucleotides.
Composition of Nucleotides:
• a nitrogenous base – cytosine (C), guanine (G),
adenine (A), and thymine (T)
• a five-carbon sugar molecule – deoxyribose
• a phosphate molecule
• Nitrogenous bases are molecules that
contain nitrogen and have the chemical
properties of a Base.
• From the picture, we can see the
nitrogenous bases (C, G, A, and T); the
sugar molecule deoxyribose denoted as S;
and the phosphate molecule denoted as P.
• The backbone of the nucleotide chain
(called a polynucleotide) are the sugar and
phosphate molecules. Each sugar group is
then linked to one of the four nitrogenous
bases.
• Inside the cell is the nucleus, which is
its control center. Inside the nucleus
are chromosomes, thread-like
structures made up of DNA coiled
around proteins called histones.
• Genes are sequences of DNA that
code for a molecule that has a
function. Sometimes, gene code (act
as instructions) to make proteins.
PROTEINS
• Proteins are large, highly complex molecules
made in the ribosome and contain carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes
sulphur. Proteins are present in all living things.
• Proteins are essential to the human body as it
plays many important roles, determining the
structure and function of all cells.
2 TYPES OF PROTEINS
• a. Fibrous – these have an elongated shape, and
usually for structure and support. They form
muscles, bones, tendons, and connective tissue.
Water insoluble, examples include collagen and
keratin.
• b. Globular – these have a spherical shape, and
have many functions like regulation, transport, and
serve as catalysts. Water-soluble, examples include
enzymes, antibodies, and hemoglobin.
• Proteins are made up of organic compounds called amino acids, and different proteins
are made by forming combinations from any of the 20 amino acids.
• A chain of amino acids is linked together by peptide bonds (chemical bonds formed
between two molecules) and is called a polypeptide.
• One or more of these polypeptides make up a protein. Amino acids and proteins are the
building blocks of life.
IMPORTANCE OF PROTEINS
• Now as previously mentioned, DNA are
inside chromosomes, which are located in
the nucleus of the cell.
• Proteins on the other hand, are made in the
ribosomes in a process called protein
synthesis.
• Ribosomes are located outside of the
nucleus. How can protein synthesis
happen when the instructions for it are
found inside the nucleus?
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• To further understand the protein synthesis, let’s talk about genetic
code.
• Genetic codes are found in DNA or RNA which is made up of
nucleotide bases usually in three’s (triplet) that code for the amino
acids making up the proteins. Specifically, the DNA genetic codes
have mRNA codon counterparts determined during transcription.
The mRNA codons code for specific amino acids.
CODON TABLE
• Important Codons:
• Start Codons: AUG (starts the translation stage);
• Stop Codons: UAG, UGA, UAA (stops the
translation stage).
• When the ribosome reads the start codon, AUG, it
will present the codons to the tRNA for translation
stage to begin.
Transcription
• Transcription occurs inside the nucleus,
and it is the first step in gene
expression.
• In transcription stage of protein
synthesis, the DNA unzips through the
help of enzymes called RNA
polymerases.
• They combine nucleotides to form an
RNA strand (using one of the DNA
strands as a template).
Translation
• The second stage of protein
synthesis is translation. It is where
the codes in the messenger RNA is
translated to a polypeptide that
contains a specific series of amino
acids.
• Amino acid bonds with each other
to form polypeptides which make
up proteins.
Translation
• In this stage of translation, the
ribosome sandwiches the mRNA
between its small and large subunit
to be translated.
• The first codon that will be read is
AUG that is called the start codon,
and consequently codes for the
amino acid methionine.
Translation
• Elongation is the second stage in
translation where the amino acid
chain gets longer. In this stage,
messenger RNA reads one codon at a
time.
• Then, the amino acid corresponding
each codon is added to a growing
polypeptide chain.
Translation
• Termination is the last stage of
translation. It is where the finished
polypeptide is released.
• It starts when a stop codon (UAG,
UAA, or UGA) is read by the
ribosome, activating a series of
events that stop translation and
disassemble the subunits of the
ribosomal RNA.
Translation
• The polypeptide produced in this
stage will be processed further before
it becomes a functional protein.
CHROMOSOMES
• Humans have 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs.
They are paired as one comes from the father
(through the sperm cell), and the other comes
from the mother (through the egg cell).
• The first 22 pairs are called autosomes, and the
23rd pair are the sex chromosomes.
• Two XX chromosomes represent females,
while the XY chromosomes represent males.
