Hydrometeorological

Hazards
 TYPHOONS

STORM SURGES

THUNDERSTORMS

FLOODING
THE EL NIÑO SOUTHERN
OSCILLATION (ENSO)
TYPHOONS:INTENSE TROPICAL
CYCLONES
• A TYPHOON IS A SEVERE WEATHER
DISTURBANCE CHARACTERIZED BY
STRONG WINDS AND HEAVY RAINS WHICH
REVOLVE AROUND A CENTRAL LOW
PRESSURE AREA.
• IT IS THE MOST POWERFUL TYPE OF
TROPICAL CYCLONE THAT FORMS IN THE
NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN.
• THE WORD “TYPHOON” IS MOST LIKELY
DERIVED FROM THE CHINESE TERM “TAI
FUNG”, WHICH CAN BE BROKEN DOWN
INTO “TA”, WHICH MEANS BIG AND “FUNG”,
WHICH MEANS WIND.
 WHAT IS
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARDS?
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS ARE
PROCESSES WHICH INVOLVE THE
INTERACTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE,
BODIES OF WATER, AND LAND AND WHICH
POSE THREAT TOVES AND HUMAN
PROPERTY.
Hydro-Meteorological Hazard: Process or
phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or
oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, property damage,
loss of livelihoods and services, social and
economic disruption, or environmental damage This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

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 TROPICAL CYCLONE STRUCTURE
A Tropical cyclone, on the average, has a total
diameter of 550 km but can have a diameter more
than 2000 km wide. Its basic structure is compose of
an eye, an eye wall, and the surrounding rain bands.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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 Why do tropical cyclones form?
Tropical cyclones form as a result of the atmosphere’s
natural tendency to maintain equilibrium by
redistributing heat through wind from the equatorial
regions to the polar regions. This mechanism prevents
the tropical areas from getting excessively hot and the
polar regions from becoming extremely cold.

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 STRONG
EFFECTS OF WINDS
TROPICAL
CYCLONES
STORM
HEAV SURGE
Y
RAINS
 EFFECTS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
Tropical are one of the most destructive
natural phenomena worldwide.
Countless casualties and indescribable
damage to property in many countries
are perennially brought forth by tropical
cyclones
The effects of tropical cyclones are worst
along coastal areas where they first make
landfall. Tropical cyclones bring with
them very strong winds, heavy rains, and
can cause flooding and storm surges

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 STRONG WINDS
Strong winds, which cover a much
larger area during tropical cyclones,
cause the most obvious damage.
Because the winds are strongest in
eyewall, meteorologists are on the
watch for the locations where the eye
will make landfall.
Wind usually slows down upon making
landfalls and reduces speed down to
almost half its original speed 7 hours
after crossing the coastlines.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under
This CCby
Photo BY-NC
Unknown Author is licensed
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 STORM SURGE
STORM SURGES, LOCALIZED UNUSUAL
INCREASE OF SEA WATER LEVEL WAY
ABOVE THE PREDICTED
ASTRONOMICAL TIDE LEVEL, HAPPENS
PRIMARILY DUE TO INTENSE WINDS
AND LOWERED ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE THAT ACCOMPANY INTENSE
TROPICAL CYCLONES PASSING FROM
THE SEA TO THE LAND.

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 HEAVY RAINS
HEAVY RAINS, UNLIKE STRONG WINDS AND
STORM SURGES, ACTUALLY OCCUR IN
TROPICAL CYCLONES OF LOWER
INTENSITY.
FLOODING DUE TO HEAVY RAINS USUALLY
WORSE DURING TROPICAL DEPRESSIONS
AND TROPICAL STORMS. HOWEVER,
RAINFALL THAT ACCOMPANIES TROPICAL
CYCLONES CAN ALSO BE BENEFICIAL.
RAINS BROUGHT ABOUT BY TROPICAL
CYCLONES FULFILL THE WATER NEEDS OF
SOME AREAS THEY CROSS.
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 MEASURES FOR MITIGATING THE
DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF
TYPHOONS.
1. Determining areas prone to typhoon-related disasters

Certain routes can be observed to be more or less consistently traversed by typhoons.

Observation of these typhoon tracks allow typhoon paths to be established. While some
allowance should be made for exceptions to the rule, like typhoons that make U-turns, typhoon
paths are considerably reliable and can be used in devising plans to mitigate the destructive
effects of typhoons

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 2. Implementing legislation involving land use
planning, zoning, and building standards

Areas which were determined to have a high

risk to typhoon-related disasters (flooding,
landlines, storm surges) through review of
Highly risky areas presently
historical accounts, inspection and occupied for human
assessment by Geohazard specialists of settlement or commercial
physical and/or geological conditions
suggesting vulnerability, and computer- purposes, should be
assisted multiple-scenario typhoon designated for other
simulations should be prohibited from being
further used for purposes in which safety of
purposes.
the community and the preservation of the
environment will be comprised.

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 . 3 Weather forecasting and monitoring

effective forecasting and monitoring of tropical

cyclones gives ample time for communities to
prepare, secure property, and seek refuge, if
necessary. It also gives a lead time for the different
businesses involved, for example in agriculture,
transportation, and energy generation to make
decisions and necessary arrangements to minimize
the possible losses.
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 Public storm warning signal #1
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS:

a tropical cyclone with wind speed of 30-60 kph may be expected to affect the community in
at least 36 hours. Intermittent rains may also be expected within 36 hours. It is important to
note that the lead time for the occurrence of winds may be shorter if the tropical cyclone
develops near the locality. In such cases, this will be specified in the warning bulletin.
Precautionary measures
Impact of the winds
while people may continue with their normal daily
Winds of a tropical cyclone of warning signal # 1 activities and business, it is highly advised to listen
cause every minimal or no damage. Typically, to the latest updates by PAGASA every six hours.
winds may result in: breakage of twigs and A signal number 1 tropical cyclone may be
branches of small trees, tilting or collapse of upgraded to signal #2 as it moves closer or
banana plants, partial unroofing of houses made of intensifies. Disaster preparedness units are
very light materials (nipa and cogon), and damage activated to alert status. Those living or working
to rice crops still in flowering stage near coastal areas should be aware that larger
waves may develop.

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 Public storm warning signal # 2
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
a moderate tropical cyclone with wind speed of 60-100 kph
may be expected to affect the community in at least 24 hours.

Impac Winds of a tropical cyclone warning signal #2 may cause light to

t of moderate damage. Usually, winds may result in: tilting and
breakage of coconut trees, collapse of banana plants, uprooting
the
of some big trees, damage to rice and corn crops, partial or total
winds unroofing of housing made of nipa and cogon and removal of
some galvanized iron roofs.

It is dangerous for small seacrafts to sail coastal waters and the sea. People
Precaut should keep tuned to the radio or television for updates on the latest
ionary position, direction, speed of movement, and intensity of the tropical
measur cyclone. The public, especially those travelling by sea and air, are advised
to refrain from unnecessary risks. It is advisable to secure properties
es before the signal becomes upgraded and for people to stay indoors.
Disaster preparedness agencies should be alerting their communities.

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 Public storm warning signal #3
o Metreological conditions:
o A strong tropical cyclone with wind speed of 100-185
kph may be expected to affect the community in at least
18 hours.
IMPACTS OF THE WIND
Winds of a tropical cyclone of warning signal #3 may cause
moderate to heavy damages and industrial sectors. Usually, winds
may result in: breakage or total destruction of coconut trees,
collapse of majority of banana plants, uprooting of many trees,
widespread losses in many rice and corn crops, unroofing or
destruction of majority of nipa and cogon houses, substantial
damage to structures of light to medium constructions,
widespread disruption of electrical power and communication
services
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 Precautionary measures

The tropical cyclone poses danger to the communities where

the tropical cyclone will pass by. It is very dangerous for all
sea crafts to sail coastal waters and the sea. Air travel is also
very risky. Make sure that you are staying in a sturdy house
or building. If not, look for evacuation center or a strong
structure which can serve as a temporary shelter.

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 Public storm warning signal #4
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS:
o A very intense tropical cyclone with wind speed of more than 185
kph may be expected to affect the community in at least 12 hours

IMPACT OF THE WINDS:

winds of a tropical cyclone of warning signal #4 may cause heavy damage. Usually,
winds may result in: extensive damage of coconut plantations, uprooting of many large
trees, severe losses in rice and corn crops, severe damage to most residential and
institutional buildings of mixed construction, and disruption of electrical power
distribution and communication services.

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 Precautionary measures.
The typhoons can be very destructive to the communities affected.
Postponement of all travels and outdoor activities is strongly
advised. Upon raising #4 evacuation should be completed. There is
a high probability that the “eye” of the typhoon will pass through
the locality. People must keep in mind that after the strong winds
of the outer portions of the tropical cyclone generally coming from
the north hit the locality, the weather will suddenly become calm.
However, it is not safe for people to leave their shelter yet because
the severe weather is expected to resume once the “eye” leaves
(possibly in an hour or two, depending on the diameter of the
‘eye” and its rate of movement)
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 What is a storm surge?
A storm surge is a localized unusual
increase of sea water level beyond the
predicted astronomical tide level primarily
due to intense winds and lowered
atmospheric pressure during the passage
of an intense tropical cyclone from the sea
to the land. While storm surges can also be
formed by tropical cyclones coming from
the land going to the sea, these are more
likely to be weaker. Storm surges are the
primary cause of about 90% of casualties
and damage to properties in coastal areas
during a tropical cyclone.
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 Why is the Philippines is very prone to
storm surge?
The Philippines is very prone to storm
surges because of its location near the
equator on the pacific region, and due
to its extensive coastline length.
Depending on the source, the
Philippine’s rank by coastline length
Click icon to add picture
varies. According to the world
factbook, the Philippines has a total
coastline length 36,289 km, placing the
country as the 4th in the world. On the
other hand, World Resources Institute
puts the Philippines total coastline
length at 33,900 km. placing the
country as 8th in the world.
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 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE BUILD-UP OF WATER LEVEL
DURING A STORM SURGE

1. Storm Intensity (Wind speed)

A storm surge is mainly wind-driven. Storm

intensity, which is related to the wind speed
of a storm, has an influence on the amount of
surge produced. The force that the wind
exerts on the body of water is proportional to
the square of wind. Therefore, the stronger
the winds associated with a tropical cyclone,
the higher the storm surge formed.

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 2. THE PRESSURE EFFECT
During a tropical cyclone, storm
surge level is also influenced by
atmospheric pressure. A lower
atmospheric pressure results in a
higher storm surge level. Lowered
atmospheric pressure and wind
speed are the major causes of
storm surge of formation

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 3. SIZE
A tropical cyclone with a larger
diameter will form a higher
surge because the winds
brought about by larger
tropical cyclones push on a
larger surface area of the ocean
and affects this area for a
longer period of time.
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 4. STORM FORWARD SPEED
A tropical cyclone travelling with a
higher velocity will produce a higher
surge along an open coast.
Conversely, a tropical cyclone
travelling with a lower velocity is
more efficient in producing a higher
and broader storm surge in enclosed
and semi-enclosed bodies of water
like bays and estuaries.

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 5. ANGLE OF APPROACH TO COAST
The amount of surge formed is affected by
the angle by which the tropical cyclone
hits the coastline, when a tropical cyclone
hits the coast perpendicularly (as opposed
to an approach which is parallel or
oblique), it will more likely form a higher
storm surge because a larger part of the
storm surge mound comes into contact
with the coastline and is allowed to build
up more.
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 6. THE EFFECT OF THE EARTH’S ROTATION

There is a tendency for ocean

currents to be deflected as a result of
the earth’s rotation. This called the
Coriolis is effect. In the northern
hemisphere, currents are bent to the
right, while in the southern
hemisphere currents are bent to the
left.
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 7. THE RAINFALL EFFECT.

Water can rise quickly in

estuaries because large volumes
of accumulated rainfall from
watersheds in higher elevation
areas which are drained by
rivers encounter waters driven
by the tropical cyclone from
the open ocean.

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 8. TIMING
As with the occurrence of a lot of other natural
phenomena, timing plays an important role. When
the formation of a storm surge during a tropical
cyclone coincides with a high astronomical tide,
the resulting surge, is higher. Also when the surge
approaches the coast near the time of the cyclone’s
maximum winds speed, the surge tends to have aa
greater inland reach.

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 Potential damage by a storm surge.
Buildings, roads, bridges, piers, and
other infrastructure may not only be
submerged, they can also be washed
away and destroyed when a storm
surge hits an area if they are not
strongly rooted in the ground. Cars
and almost anything else in the path of
the storm surge will surely be drifted
very far from their original positions
because of the storm surges will surely
be drifted very far from their original
positions because of the enormous
force of the waves driven inland.

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 Section 6.3:
Thunderstorm
What is thunderstorm?
A thunderstorm is a violent, transient type of
weather disturbance associated with thousands of
meters tall cumulonimbus clouds and which Click icon to add picture
usually involves lightning and thunder, strong
winds, intense rainfall, and occasionally tornadoes
and hail
Thunderstorms often occur in the equatorial
regions. These can occur at anytime of the day, but
happen mostly in the afternoon or evening during
summer.
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 Thunderstorm life cycle

1. Developing or cumulus stage

Begins with the upward growth of cumulus

cloud due to the continuous updraft and
supply of moisture. Latent heat (heat given
off) from the condensation of moisture
warms the surrounding air
Mature stage:
The mature stage is indicated by the
initiation of strong download current of air
(downdraft) and by precipitation. The
thunderstorm keeps on growing until it
reaches the tropopause which separates the
troposphere from the stratosphere.
Final or dissipating
stage:
The final or dissipating stage is when
the updrafts are prevented by cool air
of the dominant downdrafts in the
lower portions of the cloud.
 Hazards:
• The occurrence of thunderstorm poses
danger to people and property. Many people
are injured or die in spite of warnings,
because they are unaware of the preparedness
and safety measures and probably even lack
understanding of the phenomenon itself.

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 What is lightning?
• Electrical charges within the thunderstorm cloud separate during
its development, with the positive charges gathering at the top and
the negative charges at the bottom. Meanwhile, on the ground,
positive charges begin to gather.
• In some cases, it may seem that lightning is not followed by
thunder. This is because lightning may be too far for its
accompanying thunder to be heard. If lightning hits an object on
the ground, it is called a lightning strike

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thank you
mirjam nilsson
mirjam@contoso.com
www.contoso.com
meet our extended team

TAKUMA HAYASHI MIRJAM NILSSON​ FLORA BERGGREN​ RAJESH SANTOSHI

president chief executive officer chief operations officer vp marketing

GRAHAM BARNES ROWAN MURPHY ELIZABETH MOORE ROBINE KLINE

vp product SEO strategist product designer content developer
 meet our team

TAKUMA HAYASHI MIRJAM NILSSON​ FLORA BERGGREN​ RAJESH SANTOSHI

president chief executive officer chief operations officer vp marketing

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