SPOTTERS

BY MR. MAALAPPA
Culture media
BLOOD AGAR
• Classified as enriched
medium.
• BA is a Bright red in colour
Uses:
• For growing most of the
pathogenic organisms
• Used to differentiate
haemolytic colonies from
non-haemolytic colonies.
• Sterilization by autoclaving.
MacConkey’s agar
• Its classified as differential or
indicator medium.
• It contains neutral red as an
indicator.
• MA is a pink red in colour
Uses:
• For growing intestinal organisms
• To differentiate lactose
fermenter colonies from non-
lactose fermenter
• Sterilization by autoclaving
Loeffler’s serum slope
• Classified as enriched medium
• It is a solid medium without agar
• Serum is used in its preparation as a
solidifying agent
Uses:
• For growing C.diphtheriae and other
corynebacteria
• For demonstration metachromatic
granules.
• Sterilization: all the constituents
sterilized separately and then mixed
• Solidification of the medium is done
by inspissation.
Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ)
• A solid medium without agar
• Egg is used as solidifying agent
• Malachite green is selective
agent
• M.tuberculosis takes 3 to 6
weeks to grow on this medium
Uses:
• For growing MTB and atypical
mycobacteria
• Used for AST of MTB
• Sterilization by inspissation
SDA ( Sabourad’s Dextrose
Agar)
• This medium has acidic PH.
• Fungi can take weeks to grow
but yeasts grown in 24-48hrs
medium
• Molds are incubated at room
temperature (22-25˚C)
• Yeasts are incubated at 28-30˚C
or 37˚C if suspected of being
dimorphic fungi.
Uses
• For growing fungi
Indole test
• Principle: used to
determine the ability of an
organism to decompose
amino acid tryptophan into
indole.
• Positive: red coloured ring
(E. coli, P. vulgaris)
• Negative: yellow coloured
ring
Urease test
• Principle: To determine the
ability of an organism to
produce an enzyme urease
which splits urea to
ammonia.
• Phenol red is indicator
• Positive: pink
colour(klebsiella sp.,
Proteus sp.,)
• Negative: pale yellow(E.coli)
Citrate utilization test
• Principle: it’s the ability of
an organism to utilise citrate
as the sole source of carbon
for its growth, resulting
alkalinity.
• Positive: blue
colour(klebsiella sp.,
salmonella sp.,(except
S.Typhi)
• Negative: green
colour(E.coli)
• Triple sugar iron agar
1. Shigella: K/A no gas&H2S
2. Pseudomonas: K/K no gas,
no H2S.
3. Proteus: K/A with
gas & H2S.
4. E.coli: A/A with gas
Specimens of adult parasites
Round worm
• Scientific name: Ascaris
lumbricoides
• Tail end of male worm is
curved ventrally in the form
of hook, while in female
conical and striaght.
• Route of infection: by
ingestion
• Infective form:
embryonated egg
Hydatid cyst
• Causative agent: Echinococcus
granulosus
• Cyst wall consists of two layers
i.e ectocyst and endocyst
• Hydatid cyst fluid used for
casoni test to diagnose patients
of hydatid cyst
• Man is the intermediate host
• Mode of infection: by ingestion
of eggs
• Most common organ involved is
liver
Wet preparation of stool specimens

Egg of roundworm
• Its bile-stained
• Scientific name:
Ascaris lumbricoids
• Route of infection:
by ingestion
• Infective form:
embryonated egg
Egg of hookworm
• Its not bile-stained egg
• Scientific name:
Ancylostoma duodenale
• Infective agent: filariform
larva
• Portal of entry: Through
skin
Egg of Trichuris trichiura
• Its bile-stained egg
• Barrel-shaped with a
mucus plug at each pole.
• Route of infection: by
ingestion of embryonated
egg
Immunological test
HIV-Tridot
• It’s a rapid test for detection
of antibodies against HIV-1
and HIV 2.
• For positive test, one
control and HIV-1 and HIV 2
dots show pinkish purple
dots
• In negative cases, control
only shows pinkish purple
dot.
Microscopic slides
Gram positive cocci
• Violet in colour
• Cocci may occur either in
clusters, chains or in pairs
• examples: Staph. aureus in
clusters
Strept.pyogenes in chains
Strept. Pneumoniae in pairs
Gram negative bacilli
• Red in colour
• Examples: E.coli, Klebsiella
spp., etc
• Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
• Acid fast bacilli
• Causative agent of
tuberculosis.
• Commonly used medium
for its culture is LJ medium
• It takes 3-6 weeks to grow
on LJ medium
• Candida albicans
• Gram positive yeast
• Opportunistic fungus
• Causative agent for oral
thrush and vaginitis.
Microfilaria bancrofti
• Microfilaria bancrofti is an
embryo of Wuchereria
bancrofti.
• Size: 290µm ×6-7μm
• Covered by hyaline sheath
which is much longer than
the embryo
• The somatic cells or nuclei
extend from the head to
the tail end.
THANK YOU