Hydraulic transmission

system

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• Hydraulic system use liquids such as petroleum

oils, water, synthetic oils etc. The first hydraulic
fluid to be used was water because it is readily
available but it has been replaced by oils.
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS:

The Oil/Fluid in a hydraulic system serves as the

power transmission medium. It is also the systems
lubricant and coolant.

Selection of the proper Oil is a requirement for

satisfactory system performance and life.

Purpose of hydraulic fluid:

The Hydraulic Fluid has four Primary purposes: viz.,
i) To transmit power,
ii) to lubricate moving parts,
iii)to seal clearances between parts, and
iv)to cool or dissipate heat, in hydraulic system.
Evolution of Fluid power
• Pascal’s law in 1650

• Bernoulli’s law of conservation in 1750

• Electricity application emerged late 19th century – shift from

development in fluid power

• Water was replaced by oil

• Many application in world war II

Pascal Law :
Fluid power technology actually began in 1650 with the
discovery of Pascal Law.

This law says that

“Pressure in a fluid at rest is transmitted equally in all
directions”

• This law states “ A pressure added to a confined fluid is

transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid”.
Pressure acts on all surfaces in a direction at right angle to
those surfaces.

The amount of pressure in the fluid is equal to the weight force

with respect to the area being acted upon.

Mathematically, it is defined as

Pressure = Force / Area

i.e, p = F / A

Fig. Pascal’s Law

Pascal’s law
“Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted
undiminished in all directions throughout the fluid and acts
perpendicular to the surfaces in contact with the fluid ”
Hydraulic force transmission :
1. In a car wash, the hydraulic system has pistons at its two
ends. The areas of the piston are 0.5m2 and 4m2. A force of
80N is applied on the piston with a smaller area. Find the
force on the other end.

P1 = F1/A1 P2= F2/A2 P = (F1/A1) = (F2/A2)

(F2/F1)= (A2/A1)=(S1/S2)

F2 = (A2/A1)*F1 = (4/0.5)*80 = 640N

2. A hydraulic system has circular pistons at the two ends. The radius
of these pistons is 20cm and 40cm. A 100kg box kept on the piston
with 40cm radius. Find the force that should be applied at other end.

r1= 20cm r2= 40cm F2= 100kg/1000N

A1= ∏*(20)2 = 1256.8 cm2

A2= ∏*(40)2 = 5027.2 cm2

F1 = (A1/A2)*F2
 Features of hydraulic transmission system

Power transmission takes place by means of a liquid.

Power transmission takes place by the kinetic energy of the hydraulic
oil.
Hydraulic oil under high pressure passes through transmission line &
control elements and finally drives a linear / rotational actuator.
Higher amount of power can be transmitted between relatively larger
distances.
Self lubrication of various elements of system.
Positioning of the end effector may be varied as per the requirement

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Applications

Hydraulic Braking system Hydraulic testing machines

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Applications

Earth moving equipment Hydraulic conveyor system

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Components of a Hydraulic system

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Structure of Hydraulic systems (Components of a Hydraulic System)

Prime Hydraulic Hydraulic Hydraulic External

mover pump circuit actuator load
Mechanical
Mechanical
energy IN Heat energy OUT energy OUT
Reservoir

• A tank ( reservoir ) to hold the hydraulic oil

• A pump to force the oil through the system
• An electric motor or other power source to drive the pump
• Valves to control oil direction, pressure and flow rate
• An actuator to convert the pressure of the oil to do useful work
• Piping
Applications of Fluid power
• Home applications – pump, door
• Automobile
– Hydraulic brakes
– Automotive transmission
– Power steering
– Water coolant
– Lubrication
– Gasoline pumping system
– Automatic doors (bus)
• Airplanes
• Robots
• Machine tools
 Advantages of hydraulic transmission system

Application of large amount of force: a hydraulic system can magnify

forces from fraction of Newton to tons of output (without using heavy
gears, pulleys and levers) .
Easy to operate and accurate.
Simplicity, safety and economy.
Continuously variable movement of the actuator.
Low delay, no backlash, small time constant because of low inertia.
Simple monitoring of load by measuring pressure
Robust design (insensitive against environmental influences)

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