WATER FILTRATION

Introduction:
Conventional rapid sand filters are commonly used in every water treatment plant.
In India, the major source of water is rain fall. In 2014 India faced severe drought
due to improper storage facilities and poor management. Hence, it is today’s need
to reduce the wastage of water and conserve it for future generations.
This contains techniques which are usually intended to provide a treatment relating
to the overall effect of groups of compounds or ion rather than treating
concentration of individual components. Treatments that we shall be looking at
including demand (oxidisable material), total organic carbon and electrical
conductivity.
 Filtration
Filtration is also another important element of the treatment process. This
process involves the water passing through a bed of fine particles, usually
sand. This process is called sand filtration. Other materials are also used in the
filtration process. Generally they are layered.
 PROCESS OF SELECTION OF SITE
Factors commonly considered in site selection include
environmental parameters (e.g. distance from residential areas,
present and future land use, availability, buffer zones, etc.),
geological and hydrology criteria (e.g. slope of land, soil type,
surface and underground water sources, flood plains, permeability,
 WATER TREATMENT MECHANISM
1:Physical processes:
Physical water treatment typically consists of filtration techniques that involve the use of screens, sand
filtration or cross flow filtration membranes.
2: Biological processes:
Engineers have harnessed biological processes in wastewater treatment for decades. The simplest
example of this is activated sludge, where a culture of microorganisms is released into wastewater to
consume organic contaminants.
3:Chemical processes:
Slow sand filters represent one example of biological approaches used in water purification, which
implies using 1–2 m deep tubes filled with sand, which retain the impurities present in the filtered
water. Activated carbon (charcoal), another utilized approach, is a microporous carbon with high
surface area and enhanced adsorption properties
 DISINFECTION
Killing, removal, or deactivation of harmful microorganisms can be
referred to as disinfection. Destruction or deactivation of pathogenic
microorganisms results in stopping their reproduction and growth. People
may fall ill by consuming the contaminated water containing the
pathogenic microorganisms. Disinfection and sterilization are interrelated
processes, but sterilization kills all the harmful and harmless
microorganisms. Hence, disinfection is a more appropriate process.
 WATER STORAGE AND WATER DISTRIBUTION
After treatment, drinking water is distributed via large trunk mains to
water storage reservoirs. From these reservoirs water is reticulated to
each household through a network of smaller water mains.
 Water Meter:
Water metering is the practice of measuring water use. Water meters measure the
volume of water used by residential and commercial building units that are
supplied with water by a public water supply system. They are also used to
determine flow through a particular portion of the system.
(Unit: Gallons or Cubic feet)
While the cost of purchasing residential meters is low, the total life cycle costs
of metering are high. For example, retrofitting flats in large buildings with
meters for every flat can involve major and thus costly plumbing work.
There is disagreement as to the effect of metering and water pricing on water
consumption. The price elasticity of metered water demand varies greatly
depending on local conditions. The effect of volumetric water pricing on
consumption tends to be higher if the water bill represents a significant portion
of household expenditures.
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