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GEOPHYSICS
AN INTRODUCTION
FRED BEEKMAN
JEANNOT TRAMPERT
COURSE OVERVIEW
Course content
Overview of the classical potential field and seismic methods. The course
will review the basic physical principles underlying the various exploration
techniques and will show how the field data are acquired and interpreted.
Aim
Understanding the fundamental concepts of geophysical exploration
techniques and being able to put these concepts into practice.
Exercises
Through paper exercises and computer practicals the students will solve a
range of realistic problems. Students will acquire an appreciation for which
techniques are appropriate for which application.
Grading
• 30% exercises+practicals
• 70% written exam
COURSE OVERVIEW
Literature
Examples:
oil, gas, coal, minerals, …
groundwater
geo-engineering (tunnels, dams, …)
archeology
pollution
…
APPLIED GEOPHYSICS
Physical methods used in applied geophysics:
Passive methods:
Use naturally present sources/fields to investigate properties of the subsurface
Examples:
Gravity
Earth’s magnetic field
Earthquakes
Active methods:
Use man-made source to image structure of subsurface
Examples:
Dynamite, air guns, …
EM waves
Electrical currents
APPLIED GEOPHYSICS
To select the most appropriate geophysical method to investigate a
certain task/problem, following aspects need to be considered:
Interpretation requires
geological knowledge
How many dimensions?
How many dimensions?
How many dimensions?
CLASSIFICATION OF
GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
Seismic methods (active)
• Reflection seismics
• Refraction seismics
Potential field methods (passive)
• Gravity
• Geomagnetic
Electrical methods (active)
• Electrical resistivity
• Spontaneous (Self) Potential
• Induced Polarisation
CLASSIFICATION OF
GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
Electromagnetic methods (active)
• Many methods among which ground penetrating radar
Well logging (active and passive)
SEISMIC METHODS
MAINLY MEASURE TRAVEL TIMES AND AMPLITUDES
WHICH DEPEND ON DENSITY AND ELASTIC MODULI
SEISMIC METHODS
MAINLY MEASURE TRAVEL TIMES AND AMPLITUDES
WHICH DEPEND ON DENSITY AND ELASTIC MODULI
POTENTIAL FIELD METHODS
Gravity measures spatial variations of the gravitational field
due to lateral variations in density.
POTENTIAL FIELD METHODS
Geomagnetics measures spatial variations of the intensity of
the magnetic field due to lateral variations in magnetic
susceptibility.
ELECTRO MAGNETICS
GROUND
PENETRATING
RADAR
MEASURES TRAVEL
TIMES OF
REFLECTED RADAR
WAVES
VELOCITY IS
CONTROLLED BY
THE DIELECTRIC
CONSTANT