GENERAL

CHEMISTR
Y1
Second Quarter
PRESSURE
OBJECTIVE:
define pressure and give the
common units of pressure
PRESSURE
• It is the ratio of force
to the area on which
the force is acted.
• Pascal (Pa)
PRESSURE
• For gases, the pressure
arises from the
collision between gas
molecules and the
surface to which the
molecules come in
contact to.
BAROMETE
R
• It is an instrument
used in measuring gas
pressure.
 EVANGELIS
TA
• TORRICELL
Italian physicist
• HeI invented the first
barometer.
Torricelli's Barometer
Model
Torricelli's Barometer
Model
 THE STANDARD
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• It is the value corresponds to the
pressure exerted by the atmosphere.
• 1 atm = 760 mm Hg
• The unit mmHg is called torr.
 OTHER UNITS OF PRESSURE
• pascal (Pa)
• bar
• inches of mercury
• pound-force per square inch (psi)
CONVERSION FACTORS
 SAMPLE PROBLEM:

Mt. Everest is the world's tallest

mountain. At the summit, the
atmospheric pressure is about 33.7
kPa. Convert this value to (a)
atmosphere; (b) bar; and (c)
millimeters of mercury.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
 SAMPLE PROBLEM:

A helium gas tank has an operating

pressure of 257 psi. What is the value
of this operating pressure in (a)
atmosphere; (b) pascals; and (c) torr?
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
 TRY TO ANSWER THE
FOLLOWING:
• Convert 450 torr to Pa
• Convert 3.00 kPa to bar.
• Convert 1.33 atm to bar.
 OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR
MEASURING GAS
PRESSURES
Manometer
 OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR
MEASURING GAS
PRESSURES
Manometer
 OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR
MEASURING GAS
PRESSURES
Manometer • It is used to
measure the
pressure of gases
filled in a
container. It is a U-
shaped glass tube
filled with
 OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR
MEASURING GAS
PRESSURES
Closed-tube
manometer • It is used for
samples whose
pressures are
below the
atmospheric
pressure.
 OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR
MEASURING GAS
Open-tube PRESSURES
manometer • It has its one arm
open to the
atmosphere; hence
the pressure above
the mercury at this
side equals the
atmospheric
 OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR
MEASURING GAS
PRESSURES
Aneroid Barometer
 OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR
MEASURING GAS
PRESSURES
Aneroid Barometer
 OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR
MEASURING GAS
PRESSURES
Aneroid Barometer
• It has a metallic box
that expands when
the pressure is low
and shrinks when
the pressure is high.
GAS LAWS
OBJECTIVE:
express the gas laws in equation
form
 GAS LAWS
• These are fundamental laws showing
how the following properties of gases
are interrelated:
⚬ Amount in moles (n)
⚬ Pressure (P)
⚬ Volume (V)
⚬ Temperature (T)
 BOYLE'S
LAW
• ROBERT
BOYLE
studied the
relationship
between the
pressure and
volume of a
BOYLE'S
LAW
BOYLE'S
LAW
 BOYLE'S
LAW
• For a given amount of gas at fixed
temperature, the pressure (P)
exerted by the gas is inversely
proportional to is volume (V).
 BOYLE'S
LAW
• For a given amount of gas at fixed
temperature, the pressure (P)
exerted by the gas is inversely
proportional to is volume (V).
 BOYLE'S
• LAW
Introducing a proportionality 1
constant (k ):
 BOYLE'S
• LAW
Considering two different states, the
equation can be expressed as:
 BOYLE'S
• LAW
Considering two different states, the
equation can be expressed as:
 CHARLES'
LAW
• Jacques Charles and
Joseph Gay-Lussac
focused on the
relationship
between
temperature and
volume of a given
CHARLES'
LAW
 CHARLES'
• For a LAW
given amount of gas at fixed
pressure, the volume of the gas is
directly proportional to its absolute
temperature.
 CHARLES'
• LAWa proportionality
Introducing
constant, k :
 CHARLES'
• LAWtwo different states, the
Considering
equation can be expressed as :
 CHARLES'
• LAWtwo different states, the
Considering
equation can be expressed as :
 GAY-LUSSAC'S
LAW
• For a given amount of gas at
constant volume, the pressure is
directly proportional to its absolute
temperature.
 GAY-LUSSAC'S
LAW
• For a given amount of gas at
constant volume, the pressure is
directly proportional to its absolute
temperature.
 GAY-LUSSAC'S
LAW
• Introducing a proportionality
constant, k :
Avogadro's
Law • Amadeo
hypothesized that
equal volumes of
different gases
subjected at the same
pressure and
temperature have
 Avogadro's
Law
• At constant temperature and
pressure, the volume occupied by a
gas is directly proportional to its
amount (in moles).
 Avogadro's
Law
• Introducing a proportionality
constant, k :
 Avogadro's
Law
• Considering two different states, the
equation can be expressed as;
 Avogadro's
Law
• This enables us to determine the
molar volume of gases.

• It equals to the volume occupied by

1 mol of a gas.
Avogadro's
Law
Recall
Any questions?
Recall
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Boyle's Law)
• A 4.00-L tank is filled with a sample
of neon gas. If the pressure of the
gas in this tank is 10.0 atm, what
will be its pressure if it is transferred
in a 20.0-L tank without changing
its temperature.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Boyle's Law)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Boyle's Law)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Boyle's Law)
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Boyle's Law)
• A mole of carbon dioxide was filled
in an expandable tank until the
pressure was 40.0 bar. The gas was
compressed to 25.5 L at constant
temperature , giving a pressure of
56.8 bar. What was the volume of
the gas before it was compressed.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Boyle's Law)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Boyle's Law)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Boyle's Law)
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
• A 20.0 L kept in a movable piston
has an initial pressure of 1.5 atm at
25 degree Celsius. If the piston is
allowed to expand isothermally (i.e.,
at constant temperature) to 45.0 L,
what will be the resulting pressure
of the gas?
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
• An air compressor contains 11.5 L
of gas at 1.10 atm. If the pressure
inside the compressor has to be
increased to 4.3 atm without
changing its temperature, what
should be the final volume setting?
 Sample Problems
(Charles' Law)
• A 2.00-mol sample of argon filled in
a 10.0-L vessel has a temperature of
27 degree Celsius. If the gas is
expanded to 14.5 L at constant
pressure, what is its final
temperature (in degree Celsius)?
Sample Problems
(Charles' Law)
Sample Problems
(Charles' Law)
Sample Problems
(Charles' Law)
Sample Problems
(Charles' Law)
Sample Problems
(Charles' Law)
 Sample Problems
(Charles' Law)
• A balloon has a volume of 1.84 L at
30 degree Celsius and 1 atm. What
will be its volume if the balloon is
cooled to -5.5 degree Celsius at 1
atm?
Sample Problems
(Charles' Law)
Sample Problems
(Charles' Law)
Sample Problems
(Charles' Law)
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
• Consider a 25.0 L gas in a container
at 25 degree Celsius and 1 atm. If
this gas is heated to 80 degree
Celsius, What will happen to its
volume under constant pressure.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
• The volume of a gas is 250 mL at
720 torr and 25 degree Celsius. If
the pressure is held constant and the
temperature is raised to 100 degree
Celsius, what will be its new
volume?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM (Gay-
Lussac's Law)
• Compute the final pressure of a gas
initially having 1.10 atm of pressure
at 298 K when the temperature is
raised to 450 K.
SAMPLE PROBLEM (Gay-
Lussac's Law)
Given:
SAMPLE PROBLEM (Gay-
Lussac's Law)
Formul
a:
SAMPLE PROBLEM (Gay-
Lussac's Law)
Soluito
n:
SAMPLE PROBLEM (Gay-
Lussac's Law)
Solutio
n:
 SAMPLE PROBLEM (Gay-
Lussac's Law)
• A balloon at 1.00 atm with a
temperature of 30 °C was heated to
600 K. What is its new pressure in
atm?
SAMPLE PROBLEM (Gay-
Lussac's Law)
GIVE
N:
 SAMPLE PROBLEM (Gay-
Lussac's Law)
FORM
ULA:
 SAMPLE PROBLEM (Gay-
Lussac's Law)
SOLUTIO
N:
 SAMPLE PROBLEM (Gay-
Lussac's Law)
SOLUTIO
N:
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

• To what temperature (in K) should a

gas be heated if its pressure needs to
increase to 1200 torr from 750 torr
at 298 K?
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

• What temperature (in C) should a

gas with a pressure of 10.05 bar at
800 K if its pressure is to be reduced
to 5.00 atm?
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Avogadro's Law)
• A 2.53-mol sample of air has a
volume of 62.3 L at room
temperature and standard
atmospheric pressure. What is the
volume of 3.67 mol of air at the
same temperature and pressure?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Avogadro's Law)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Avogadro's Law)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
(Avogadro's Law)
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

• A canister of butane gas used for

portable cooking is available in a
store in two sizes, 750 mL and 2.0
L. The 750 mL canister contains
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

• A 25.0 L tank contains 2.0 kg of

neon gas with a pressure og 98.0
atm at 28 degree. How many
kilograms of oxygen gas can fill the
tank under the same pressure and
temperature?
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
• A 25.0 L tank contains 2.0 kg of
neon gas with a pressure og 98.0
atm at 28 degree. How many
kilograms of oxygen gas can fill the
tank under the same pressure and
temperature?
IDEAL GAS
EQUATION
OBJECTIV
•
E
use the ideal gas equation to
calculate pressure, volume,
temperature, or number of moles of
a gas
Recall
Ideal Gas
Equation
 Ideal Gas
Equation
• Combining equations for the gas
laws gives the ideal gas equation:
 Ideal Gas
Equation
• where R is the universal gas
constant:
 Example 1;
• Calculate the pressure exerted by
2.50 mol of argon filled in a 20.0-L
vessel T 27 degree Celsius.
Example 1;
Example 1;
 Example 2;
• At 350 K, 3.45 mol of fluorine gas
has a pressure of 6.53 bar. What is
the volume occupied by the gas?
Example 2;
Example 2;
 Example 3:
• How many moles of helium would
give pressure of 900 mm Hg in
25.0-L vessel at 50 degree Celsius?
Example 3:
Example 3:
 Example 4:
• Calculate the temperature (in
Celsius) needed for 8.462 mol of
ozone to exert 10.50-atm pressure in
a 25.00-L vessel.
Example 4:
Example 4:
Example 4:
 Example 5:
• Use the ideal gas equation to
calculate the molar volume of a gas
at STP.
Example 5:
COMBINED GAS
LAW
 Combined Gas
Law
• It is a form of the ideal equation that
shows the relationships between
pressure, temperature, and volume
of a given amount of gas.
Combined Gas
Law
 Example 1:
• A balloon containing 0.05 mol of
nitrogen gas has a volume of 1.22 at
298.15 K and 1.00 atm. It was
heated in a vacuum oven to reduce
its pressure to 0.452 atm at 316.15
K. What was teh resulting volume
of the gas?
Example 1:
Example 1:
 Example 2:
• In a 12.0-L vessel, 1.00 mol of
carbon dioxide has a pressure of
2.05 atm at 300 K. At which
temperature will the same amount of
gas exert a pressure of 5.95 atm in a
5.00-L vessel?
Example 2:
Example 2:
 Density of Gas
• Recalling the ideal gas equation:
￭ PV = nRT
• Molar mass (MM) can be expressed
in terms of mass (m) and amount in
moles (n).
￭ MM = m/n
• Solving for n:
￭ n= m/MM
 Density of Gas
• Substitute the value of n to the IGE:
￭ PV = (m/MM) RT
• Considering that density is defined
as:
￭ density = m/V
• We can write the ideal gas equation
into a form that is equal to the
density of a gas.
 Example:
• Calculate the density of oxygen gas
at 25 degree Celsius and 1.0 atm.
Example:
Example:
 Molar Mass of a
Gas
• Ideal gas equation is an equation for
calculating the molar mass of an
unknown gas given its conditions.
• By rearranging this form of the ideal
gas equation:
￭ PV = (m/MM)RT
• The molar mass of a gas can be
expressed as:
 Example:
• A 0.369-g gas sample is trapped in a
0.200-L container. Given that the
pressure is 756 mm Hg at 29 degree
Celsius, determine the molar mass
of the mass.
Example:
Example: