General and Inorganic Chemistry

Session 10B
Lecture

Johnalyn Go, R.Ch. M.Sc.

Department of Sciences and Mathematics
College of Education, Arts, and Sciences
National University
 Outline
• Gases
– Properties of Gases
– Boyle’s Law
– Charles’s Law
– Gay-Lussac’s Law
– Avogadro’s Law
– Combined Gas Law
– Ideal Gas Law
– Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
– Graham’s Law of Diffusion and Effusion
– Non Ideal Gas
 Session 10B: Learning Outcomes
• Convert between pressure units.
• Calculate P, V, n, or T using the ideal gas equation.
• Explain how the gas laws relate to the ideal gas
equation and apply the gas laws in calculations.
• Calculate the density or molecular weight of a
gas.
• Calculate the volume of gas consumed or formed
in a chemical reaction.
• Calculate the total pressure of a gas mixture given
its partial pressures.
• Describe the rates of effusion and diffusion.
A gas is a substance that is normally in the gaseous
state at ordinary temperatures and pressures;
A vapor is the gaseous form of any substance that is
a liquid or a solid at normal temperatures and
pressures.
 Pressure of a Gas
• Barometer
– instrument for measuring
atmospheric pressure

• Manometer
– device used to measure the
pressure of gases other
than the atmosphere
 Pressure of a Gas
• Standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm)
– equal to the pressure that supports a column of
mercury exactly 760 mm high at 0°C at sea level
Gases at STP
 Gas Laws
• Boyle’s Law
 Pressure-Volume Relationship
 Boyle’s Law Application
Potato chip bags are puffier at
higher altitudes
 Gas Laws
• Charle’s Law
 Temperature-Volume Relationship
Charle’s Law Application
 Gas Laws
• Gay-Lusaac’s Law
 Pressure-Temperature Relationship
Gay-Lusaac’s Law Application
 Gas Laws
• Avogadro’s Law
 Volume-Amount Relationship
 Ideal Gas
• An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose
pressure-volume-temperature behavior can
be completely accounted for by the ideal gas
equation.
• The molecules of an ideal gas do not attract or
repel one another, and their volume is
negligible compared with the volume of the
container.
 Ideal Gas Equation
• Ideal gas equation describes the relationship
among the four variables P, V, T, and n.
• R, the proportionality constant, is called the
gas constant.
 Ideal Gas Equation
e.g. Sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless,
very unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure (in
atm) exerted by 1.39 moles of the gas in a
steel vessel of volume 6.09 L at 55°C.
 Ideal Gas Equation
e.g. Sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless,
very unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure (in
atm) exerted by 1.39 moles of the gas in a
steel vessel of volume 6.09 L at 55°C.
 Density and Molar Mass

e.g. A chemist has synthesized a greenish-yellow

gaseous compound of chlorine and oxygen
and finds that its density is 8.14 g/L at 47°C
and 3.15 atm. Calculate the molar mass of the
compound and determine its molecular
formula.
 Density and Molar Mass
e.g. A chemist has synthesized a greenish-yellow
gaseous compound of chlorine and oxygen and
finds that its density is 8.14 g/L at 47°C and 3.15
atm. Calculate the molar mass of the compound
and determine its molecular formula.
 Mole Fraction
• Dimensionless quantity that expresses the
ratio of the number of moles of one
component to the number of moles of all
components present.
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
• Partial pressures
– pressures of individual gas components in the mixture
• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
– total pressure of a mixture of gases is just the sum of
the pressures that each gas would exert if it were
present alone
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
e.g. A mixture of gases contains 3.85 moles of
neon (Ne), 0.92 mole of argon (Ar), and 2.59
moles of xenon (Xe). Calculate the partial
pressures of the gases if the total pressure is
2.50 atm at a certain temperature.
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
e.g. A mixture of gases contains 3.85 moles of
neon (Ne), 0.92 mole of argon (Ar), and 2.59
moles of xenon (Xe). Calculate the partial
pressures of the gases if the total pressure is
2.50 atm at a certain temperature.
 Gas Diffusion and Effusion
• Diffusion
– gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules of another
• Effusion
– process by which a gas under pressure escapes from one compartment
of a container to another by passing through a small opening
• Graham’s Law
– under same temperature and pressure, rates of gas diffusion or effusion
are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar masses
 Gas Diffusion and Effusion
e.g. A flammable gas made up only of carbon and
hydrogen is found to effuse through a porous barrier in
3.50 min. Under the same conditions of temperature
and pressure, it takes an equal volume of chlorine gas
7.34 min to effuse through the same barrier. Calculate
the molar mass of the unknown gas.
 Non-Ideal Gas
• van der Waals equation
– relating P, V, T, and n for a non-ideal gas
 Assessment
• Take home quiz
• Deadline of submission: Next meeting
• Notebook filler
• 15 points
• Show your solutions
• Encircle your final answer
 Take Home Quiz
1. (2pts) The pressure outside a jet plane flying at high
altitude falls considerably below standard atmospheric
pressure. Therefore, the air inside the cabin must be
pressurized to protect the passengers. What is the pressure
in atmospheres in the cabin if the barometer reading is 672
mmHg?
2. (2pts) Calculate the volume (in liters) occupied by 5.58 g of
NH3 at STP.
3. (2pts) A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where
the temperature and pressure are 8°C and 6.4 atm, to the
water’s surface, where the temperature is 25°C and the
pressure is 1.0 atm. Calculate the final volume (in mL) of
the bubble if its initial volume was 2.1 mL.
 Take Home Quiz
4. (3pts) The volume of oxygen collected at 26°C
and atmospheric pressure of 771 mmHg is 141
mL. Calculate the mass (in grams) of oxygen
gas obtained. The pressure of the water vapor
at 26°C is 25.2 mmHg.
5. (6pts) Given that 2.75 moles of CO2 occupy
4.70 L at 53°C, calculate the pressure of the
gas (in atm) using (a) the ideal gas equation
and (b) the van der Waals equation.