SHS

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Dalton’s Law, Gas Stoichiometry,
& Graham’s Law
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 12 (SHS STEM)
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Compounds
First Edition, 2021

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 SHS

General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Dalton’s Law, Gas Stoichiometry,
& Graham’s Law
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage
and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own learning. Take
time to read, understand, and perform the different activities in the module.

As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of the

following:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

ii
 Let Us Learn
This module was designed for you, the learners. It is to facilitate you to
learn the appropriate knowledge and skills as you go through a series of worthwhile
activities. The lessons are arranged sequentially in this course to ease understanding
and mastery.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• Use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to relate mole fraction and partial
pressure of gases in a mixture (MELC);
• Apply the principles of stoichiometry to determine the amount (volume,
number of moles, or mass) of gaseous reactants and products (MELC); and,
• Relate the rate of gas effusion with molar mass (MELC).

Let Us Try!

Choose the best answer and write on a separate paper.

1. Which of the following equation represents Dalton's Law?

A. P = CT/V C. PTotal = Pgas 1 (Pgas 2 + Pgas 3)
B. P = Nrt/V D. PTotal = Pgas 1 + Pgas 2 + Pgas 3...

2. Which statement does not describe an ideal gas?

A. Ideal gas is assumed not to lose C. Ideal gas follows an elastic
energy during collision. collision.
B. Ideal gas does not attract or D. Ideal gas follows an inelastic
repel each other. collision.

3. Jet aero planes flying at high altitude need pressurization of cabin such that
the partial pressure of oxygen is sufficient for breathing, as the air pressure
decreases at such altitude. Which law can help in the proper pressurization
of the plane?
A. Boyle’s Law C. Graham’s Law
B. Dalton’s Law D. Ideal Gas Law

4. A sample of nitrogen occupies 47.2 liters under a pressure of 1.63 atm at

298.15 K. What volume would it occupy at 298.15 K if the pressure were
decreased to 0.96 atm?
A. 56.38 L C. 80.02 L
B. 67.55 L D. 98.22 L

5. How many liters of water vapor can be produced if 20 liters H 2 is consumed

in the chemical reaction? All gases have the same temperature and pressure.
Refer to the balanced equation below.
Balanced Equation: 2 H2(g) + O2 (g) ----> 2 H2O (g)
 A. 10 L C. 30 L
B. 20 L D. 40 L
6. Which pair of variables are inversely proportional to each other (if all other
conditions remain constant) based from the Ideal Gas Law equation,
PV=nRT?
A P, V C V, n
B P, T D V, T

7. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is one of the top ten air pollutants in the world. What
is its molar mass?
A. 18 g/mol C. 30 g/mol
B. 24 g/mol D. 46 g/mol

8. Which factors affect the diffusion rate of gas molecules?

A. solubility of the gas C. partial pressure difference
across the barrier
B. molecular weight of the gas D. All of the above

9. Who formulated the equation, R1/R2 = √M2/M1, by studying the rates of

effusion of different gases?
A. Amedeo Avogadro C. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
B. Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas D. Thomas Graham

10. A container holds equal amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, and fluorine.
The gases are allowed to exit the container through a tiny hole. Which gas
will exit the hole the fastest?
A. chlorine C. nitrogen
B. fluorine D. oxygen

Lesson

1 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

Let Us Study

Have you noticed jeepney or taxi drivers checking gas pressure in their
tires? Drivers used a tire-pressure gauge to measure the pressure of tires on their
vehicle. Proper tire inflation helped prevent accelerated wear that leads to premature
tire replacement. It also prevented accident as it made the car stable.
When drivers measure their tire’s air pressure, they are actually measuring a
macroscopic physical property of a large number of gas molecules that are invisible
to the naked eye. On the molecular level, the pressure they are measuring comes
from the force of individual gas molecules colliding with other objects, such as the
walls of their container.
Let's examine pressure from a molecular standpoint and learn how Dalton's
Law helps us calculate total and partial pressures for mixtures of gases.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

Dalton’s Law, or the Law of Partial Pressures, states that the total pressure
exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases
in the mixture. Assuming that the gases in our mixtures can be approximated as
ideal gases. An ideal gas is defined as one in which all collisions between atoms or
molecules are perfectly elastic and in which there are no intermolecular attractive
forces.
• PTotal = Pgas 1 + Pgas 2 + Pgas 3...

Where,
Ptotal is the total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases
Pgas 1, Pgas 2, Pgas 3 … are the partial pressures of the gases 1, 2, and 3

Illustration of Dalton’s Law:

2 3 5
atm atm atm

1 L N2 1 L O2 1 L Mixed
Gas

Note: all of these volumes are the same

PTotal = Pgas 1 + Pgas 2

PTotal = PN2 + PO2

Ptotal = 2 atm + 3 atm = 5 atm

Expressing Partial Pressures in Terms of Mole Fraction

The mole fraction of a specific gas in a mixture of gases is equal to the

ratio of the partial pressure of that gas to the total pressure exerted by the
gaseous mixture. This mole fraction can also be used to calculate the total
number of moles of a constituent gas when the total number of moles in the
mixture is known. Furthermore, the volume occupied by a specific gas in a
mixture can also be calculated with this mole fraction with the help of the
equation provided below.

Xi = Pi = Vi = ni
Ptotal Vtotal ntotal
 Where Xi is the mole fraction of a gas ‘i’ in a mixture of ‘n’ gases, ‘n’
denotes the number of moles, ‘P’ denotes pressure, and ‘V’ denotes volume.
Ideal Gases and Partial Pressure

From the Ideal Gas Law,

PV = nRT
If we know the molar composition of the gas, we can write

nTotal = na + nb+...

Dalton’s law can be applied to the number of moles so that the total
number of moles equals the sum of the number of moles of the individual gases.
Here, the pressure, temperature and volume are held constant in the system.
The total volume of a gas can be found the same way. This yields the equation,
PtotalV = ntotalRT

You can also visit the link below for further information:
- https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/gases-and-kinetic-
molecular-theory/ideal-gas-laws/a/daltons-law-of-partial-pressure

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yT5cdC2errg

Let Us Practice

Problem Solving involving Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

Sample Situation 1:
The partial pressure of F2 in a mixture of gases where the total pressure
is 1.5 atm is 298 mmHg. What is the mole fraction of F2?

Step 1. Identify the given.

Given: Pi F2 = 298 mmHg Ptotal = 1.5 atm

Step 2. Make the units of pressure the same by converting 298 mmHg to atm,
using the conversion factor,1 atm = 760 mmHg

298 mmHg * (1 atm) = 0.39 atm

760 mmHg
Mole fractions
Step 3. Use the formula Xi = Pi . have no units!
Ptotal

XF2 = 0.39 atm = 0.26

1.5 atm
Sample Situation 2:

What will the pressure of the resulting mixture of gases be if you place
2.5 mol of N2 and 3 mol of O2 in a 25.0 L container at 25 0C?

Step 1. Identify the given.

Given: nN2 = 2.5 mol nO2 = 3 mol V = 25 L T= 250C + 273= 298K
Step 2. Use the formula nTota l= na+nb+... to get the total number of moles.

ntotal = 2.5 mol + 3 mol = 5.5 mol

Step 3. Use the Ideal Gas Law to calculate the total pressure.
PtotalV = ntotalRT

Ptotal = ntotalRT/V

P = (5.5 mol) (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (298 K)

25 L

P =5.38 atm

Sample Situation 3:
Find the partial pressure of nitrogen and oxygen and then the total
pressure if a 24.0 L of nitrogen gas at 2 atm and 12.0 L of oxygen gas at 2
atm are added to a 8 L container at 273 K.
Step 1: Identify the given of the problem.
Given: V nitrogen = 24 L P nitrogen = 2 atm
V oxygen = 12 L P oxygen = 2atm
V total =8L T = 273 K
Step 2. Find the number of moles of nitrogen and oxygen using PV=nRT
which is n=PV/RT
nnitrogen = (2 atm) (24 L) = 2.14 mol nitrogen
0.08206 atm*L (273K)
mol*K
noxygen = (2 atm) (12 L) = 1.07 mol oxygen
0.08206 atm*L (273K)
mol*K
Step 3. (Method 1) Use ideal gas law to calculate Ptotal without partial
pressures

Ptotal = (nN2 + nO2) RT

Vtotal
Ptotal = (2.14 mol N2 + 1.07 mol O2) 0.08206 atm*L (273K)
mol*K .
8L
Ptotal = 8.99 atm
 Step 4. (Method 1) Use the mole fraction version of Dalton's law to
calculate the partial pressures. Derive the formula Xi = Pi .
Ptotal
Pi = XiPtotal
PN2 = XN2 Ptotal = 2.14 mol (8.99atm) = 5.99atm
3.21 mol

PO2 = XO2 Ptotal = 1.07 mol (8.99atm) = 3.00atm

3.21 mol

Step 3.(Method 2) Calculate partial pressures and use Dalton's law to get Ptotal

Once we know the number of moles for each gas in our mixture,
we can now use the ideal gas law to find the partial pressure of each
component in the 8 L container.

P = nRT/Vtotal

PN2 = (2.14 mol) (0.08206 atm*L )(273K) = 5.99 atm

mol*K .
8L

PO2 = (1.07 mol) 0.08206 atm*L (273K) = 3.00 atm

mol*K .
8L
Step 4. (Method 2) Get the total pressure of the mixture by adding the partial
pressures together using Dalton's Law: PTotal = PN2 + PO2
PTotal = 5.99 atm + 3.00 atm = 8.99 atm

Note: Both methods will yield the same answer. It is up to you on which
method you are going to prefer. Both are accepted.

Let Us Practice More!

Activity 1 for Lesson 1:

Solve the problems showing the correct units. Practice is the key to
mastery, so keep on practicing until you make it! Use another sheet for your
solution. You may begin!

Problem 1:

A mixture of H2 and O2 exerts a total pressure of 2 atm on the walls of

its container. If the partial pressure of hydrogen is 1.2 atm, find the mole
fraction of oxygen in the mixture.

Solution:
Step 1: Identify the given of the problem.
 Step 2: Apply Dalton’s law formula. Rearrange to get the formula for P oxygen

Step 3: Calculate the mole fraction of Oxygen.

Problem 2:

At a temperature of 299K, 30 litres of gas A kept under pressure of 1

atm and 15 litres of gas B kept under pressure of 2 atm is transferred into
an empty 8 L container. Calculate the total pressure inside the container
and the partial pressures of gas A and gas B (Assume that A and B are ideal
gases).
Step 1: Identify the given of the problem.

Step 2. Find the number of moles of gas A and gas B using PV=nRT.
Derive the formula.

In the next step, you can use either method 1 or method 2 (as shown
in the examples given in Let us Practice part. In this case, we are going to
use method 2.

Step 3. (Method 2) Calculate partial pressures and use Dalton's law to

get Ptotal

Step 4. (Method 2) Get the total pressure of the mixture by adding the

Note to Self:

• When solving problems, same quantities must have the same units.
• Derivation of formulas are necessary in solving different problems.

Let Us Remember

In Lesson 1, you have learned the following important concepts.

• The pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture is known as its

partial pressure.
• Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a mixture
of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component
gases:
PTotal=Pgas 1+Pgas 2+Pgas 3...
 • We can calculate partial pressure from the ideal gas law by assuming that
each gas component acts independently.

• The volume occupied by a specific gas in a mixture can also be calculated with
the help of the equation provided below.

Xi = Pi = Vi = ni
Ptotal Vtotal ntotal

• The ratio of the partial pressure a single gas contributes and total pressure
is equal to the mole fraction.

• The number of moles of a component in a mixture divided by the total

number of moles in the mixture, is the mole fraction.

Lesson

2 Gas Stoichiometry

Let Us Study

Many reactions that are carried out in the laboratory involve the formation
or reaction of a gas. Many, if not most, industrially important reactions are carried
out in the gas phase for practical reasons. Gases mix readily, are easily heated or
cooled, and can be transferred from one place to another in a manufacturing facility
via simple pumps and plumbing. Thus, chemists must be able to quantitatively treat
gaseous products and reactants.
Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of the relative amounts of reactants
and products in chemical reactions; gas stoichiometry involves chemical reactions
that produce gases. Stoichiometry is based on the law of conservation of mass,
meaning that the mass of the reactants must be equal to the mass of the products.
This assumption can be used to solve for unknown quantities of reactants or
products.

Stoichiometric Calculations Involving Ideal Gases at STP

Stoichiometric calculations involving gases allow us to convert between mass,
number of moles, and most importantly, volume of gases. The following
relationship makes this possible:

• 1 mole of any gas at standard temperature and pressure (273 K and 1 atm)
occupies a volume of 22.4 L.
 For further information, you can visit the link below:

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUckvmyvMi8
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPY7d6GUEV0

Let Us Practice

Gas Stoichiometry Problem Solving

Problem solving develops mathematical power. It helps us apply mathematical
concepts in real world. If you practice problem solving consistently, you can develop
greater situational awareness. Learn and have fun developing your mathematical
prowess!

Sample Situation 1: Mole-Volume Stoichiometry

How many liters of NH3 can be produced at a temperature of 300 K and a

pressure of 760 mmHg, if 15 moles of N 2 are consumed?
Equation: N2(g) + 3H2(g) -----> 2NH3(g)

Step 1. Identify the given:

T = 300 K R= 0.08206 L atm/mol K

P = 760 mmHg = 1 atm n = 15 mol N2

Step 2. Stoichiometric conversion: Convert moles of given to moles of needed.
Refer to the balance equation above. According to the balanced equation:
1 mole N2 = 2 moles NH3, use this as the conversion factor.

15 mol N2 2 mol NH3

= 30 mol NH3
1 mol N2

Step 3. Use the Ideal Gas Law equation in solving for the volume.
PV = nRT

V = nRT/V

V = 0.30 mol NH3 (0.08206 L atm/mol K) ( 300 K) = 7.39 L

1 atm

Note to Self:

When solving problems related to ideal gas law equation, make the units of the
given same with the units in the universal gas constant R = 0.08206 L atm/mol K.
Sample Situation 2: Mass-Volume Stoichiometry

What volume of CO2 forms from 6 g of CaCO3 at 1.02 atm & 25ºC?

Equation: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Step 1. Identify the given:

P = 1.02 atm

T = 25°C = 298 K (25 0C + 273 K = 298K)

R = 0.08206 L atm/mol K
V=?

Step 2. Stoichiometric conversion:

• Convert mass of given to moles of given by dividing with the formula

mass of the given
• Convert moles of given to moles of needed by referring to the balanced
equation and finding the conversion factor.

6 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CO2 = 0.06 mol CO2

100 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3

This is the formula This is the conversion Plug this into the
mass of CaCO3. factor between CaCO3 Ideal Gas Law to find
& CO2 based from the volume.
their coefficients in
the balanced equation
above

Step 3. Solve for the volume using the Ideal Gas Law equation, PV=nRT

Rearranging the formula, you will get V = nRT/P

V= 0.06 mol CO2 (0.08206 L atm/mol K) ( 298 K)

1.02 atm

V = 1.44 L
Sample Situation 3: Volume-Volume Stoichiometry

We can use the coefficients in the balanced equation to form volume

relationships, just as we did in the earlier stoichiometry problems when we used
the coefficients to form mole relationships. Refer to the example below:

Balanced Equation: 2 H2(g) + O2 (g) ----> 2 H2O (g)

The volume relationship/conversion factor would be:

• 2 liters H2 = 1 liter O2
• 2 liters H2 = 2 liters H2O
• 1 liter O2 = 2 liters H2O
 Example Problem: Refer to the information above.
How many liters of water vapor can be produced if 35 liters H 2 is
consumed in the chemical reaction? All gases have the same temperature
and pressure:

Step 1. Identify the given:

V= 35 L H2
Step 2. Convert by using the appropriate conversion factor identified above.

35 L H2 2 L H2 O
= 35 L H2O
2 L H2

Let Us Practice More!

Activity 2 for Lesson 2:
Can you guess which of the three types of Gas Stoichiometry problem is
involved in the problem below? Practice solving it. Show your solution. Have fun!
You can do it!

Problem 1:
How many liters of H2 will be required at a temperature of 26 0C and 255 kpa
to consume 45 g grams of N2?

Equation: N2 + 3H2 ------> 2NH3

Let Us Remember!
Through this module, you have learned the following important concepts:
Stoichiometry is very essential in the production of many things we use in
our daily lives such as soap, tires, fertilizer, gasoline, deodorant, and etc... It is the
calculation of quantities in chemical equations.
Given a chemical reaction, stoichiometry tells us what quantity of each
reactant we need in order to get enough of our desired product.

Gas Stoichiometry Summary

1. Write a balanced chemical equation and list the measurements, and
conversion factors for the measured and required substances.

2. Convert the measured quantity to moles using the appropriate conversion

factor
3. Calculate the number of moles of the required substance using the mole
ratio from the balanced chemical equation.

4. Convert the calculated moles to the final quantity requested using the
appropriate conversion factor
 Lesson

3 Rate of Gas Effusion

Let Us Study
Hey there! You have been learning the different properties of gases and the
laws related to it. In this lesson, you will learn more about it specifically the
Graham’s Law of Effusion. This law describe how effusion is affected by the molar
mass of the substance. You are hereby expected to apply Graham’s Law of Effusion
in solving gas related problems.

Diffusion

Gases are in constant rapid motion that has randomness arising from their
many collisions with each other. Diffusion refers to the process of particles moving
from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. The rate of this
movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the medium, and the size (mass)
of the particles. Diffusion results in the gradual mixing of materials, and eventually,
it forms a homogeneous mixture.

We are often interested in the rate of diffusion, the amount of gas passing
through some area per unit time:

Rate of diffusion = amount of gas passing through an area

unit of time

The diffusion rate depends on several factors: the concentration gradient (the
increase or decrease in concentration from one point to another); the amount of
surface area available for diffusion; and the distance the gas particles must travel.

Effusion
Effusion is a process where gas molecules move through small openings. For
effusion to occur, the hole’s diameter must be smaller than the molecules’ mean
free path (the average distance that a gas particle travels between successive
collisions with other gas particles). The opening of the hole must be smaller than
the mean free path because otherwise, the gas could move back and forth through
the hole.
If a mixture of gases is placed in a container with porous walls, the gases
effuse through the small openings in the walls. The lighter gases pass through
the small openings more rapidly (at a higher rate) than the heavier ones. In 1832,
Thomas Graham studied the rates of effusion of different gases and formulated
Graham’s law.
 Graham’s Law

Scottish chemist Thomas Graham experimentally determined that the ratio of

the rates of effusion for two gases is equal to the square root of the inverse ratio
of the gases’ molar masses. This is written as follows:

where R represents rate of effusion of each of the two gases; and

M represents the molar mass of the molecules of each of the two gases

The gases’ effusion rate is directly proportional to the average velocity at which
they move; a gas is more likely to pass through an opening if its particles are
moving at faster speeds.

For further detail you can visit the link below:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fE14DJj7oeI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6QuuoTs2Oo

Let Us Practice
Problem Solving on Graham’s Law
Remember, solving problems enhances your mental skill. Appreciate the
Graham’s Law problems below as they can help you boost your analytical skill. You
will also learn how Graham’s Law are used in real situation.

Sample Situation 1:

What is the ratio of the rate of effusion of NH3 to that of CO2?

Step 1. Make the first gas mentioned, gas 1.

Gas 1 = NH3 Gas 2= CO2

Step 2. Find the molar mass of CO2 and NH3. Refer to your periodic table.
molar mass of NH3 = 17 g/mol (Gas 1)

molar mass of CO2 = 44 g/mol (Gas 2)

Step 3. Substitute the values in the equation

R NH3 = √ 44 g/mol = 1.61

R CO2 √ 17 g/mol

NH3 will effuse at a rate 1.61 times that of CO 2. The rate of the gas in the
numerator is always the one represented by the answer.
Sample Situation 2:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) usually travels at 410 m/s at 25 °C. Find the average
rate of chlorine gas (Cl2) at 25°C.

Step 1. Make the first gas mentioned, gas 1.

Gas 1= CO2; Rate CO2= 410 m/s Gas 2 = Cl2 ; Rate Cl2= ? m/s
Step 2. Find the molar mass of gas 1 and 2.

molar mass CO2= 44g/mol (Gas 1)

molar mass Cl2 = 71 g/mol (Gas 2)

Step 3. Substitute the values in the equation

410 m/s = √ 71 g/mol

Rate of Cl2 √ 44 g/mol

Rate Cl2 = 410 m/s (√ 44.0 g/mol) = 322.76 m/s

√71 g/mol

Sample Situation 3:

Find the molar mass of a gas that diffuses about 3 times faster than Rn gas.

Step 1. Identify rate of gas 1 and gas 2.

Gas 1 Rate = 3 Gas 2 Rn; Rate = 1

Step 2. Find the molar mass of gas 1 and 2.

Gas 1 molar mass: ? g/mol Gas 2 molar mass : Rn= 222 g/mol
Step 3. Substitute the values in the equation

3 = √ 222 g/mol
√ M1 (3) = √ 222 g/mol
1 √ M1

√ M1 = √ 222 g/mol
3

√ M1 = 4.97

√ M1 2 = 4.972

M1 = 24.70 g/mol
 Let Us Practice More

Activity 3 for Lesson 3:

Try solving the problems below. Show your solution.

Problem 1:
What is the rate of effusion of NH3 compared to H2? Does NH3 effuse faster or
slower than H2?

Problem 2:

A molecule of Cl2 has an average speed of 12.3 m/s at a given temp and
pressure. What is the average speed of F2 molecules at the same conditions?

Let Us Remember
In Lesson 3, you have learned the following important concepts about gas
effusion.
• Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is
uniform.
• Effusion is the process where a confined gas escaped through a tiny hole in
its container.
• Both diffusion and effusion are related to the speed at which various gas
molecules move. Gases that have a lower molar mass effuse and diffuse at a
faster rate than gases that have a higher molar mass.
• Graham’s law states that the rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the gas as presented in
the equation below.

• Graham’s law is fundamental to the understanding of the motion of gases in

porous solids. It also provides a basis for separating isotopes by diffusion—a
method that came to play a crucial role in the development of the atomic
bomb.
 Let Us Assess

Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Find the mole fraction of CO2 in a mixture of CO2 and O2 that exert a total
pressure of 805 mmHg on the walls of the vessel. The partial pressure of O 2
is 1.03 atm.
A. 0.28 C. 1.1
B. 0.89 D. 2.3

2. For a deep dive, a scuba diver uses a mixture of helium and oxygen with a
pressure of 6,080 torr. If the oxygen has a partial pressure of 1.68 atm, what
is the partial pressure of the helium assuming that volume and temperature
are constant?
A. 0.46 atm C. 6.32 atm
B. 2.59 atm D. 7.74 atm

3. A sample of nitrogen that was purified by bubbling them through water had
a volume of 5.6 L. at 299 K and a total pressure of 737 mmHg. In any gas
sample saturated with water vapor at 299 K, the partial pressure of the water
is 25.2 torr. How many moles of nitrogen did the sample contain?
A. 5 mol C. 18 mol
B. 9 mol D. 21 mol

4. Which of the following statements does not describe a molar mass?

A. Its unit is g/mol. C. It is the mass in grams of 1 mole
of that substance.
B. It is the number of moles in 1 liter D. None of the above
of that substance.

5. In the equation PV=nRT, what is the value of R?

A. 0.0620 atm•L/mol•K C. 6.02 ×10²³ mol⁻¹
B. 0.0821 atm•L/mol•K D. 8.20 ×10²³ mol⁻¹

6. At a temperature of 301 K and 1, 499 mmHg, how many liters of O 2 will be

produced if 1.9 moles of KClO3 decompose according to the following balanced
equation: 2 KClO3 ------> 2KCl + 3O2(g)?
A. 21.45 L C. 42.50 L
B. 35.73 L D. 48.23 L

7. What is the ratio of the rate of effusion of CO to that of CO 2?

A. CO will effuse at a rate 1.61 times C. CO2 will effuse at a rate 1.61
that of CO2. times that of CO.
B. CO will effuse at a rate 2.2 times D. CO2 will effuse at a rate 2.2 times
that of CO2. that of CO.
8. What is the ration of rate of diffusion of CO2 and N2Ois:
A. 1:1 C. 2:1
B. 1:2 D. 2:2

9. Jose is driving his jeepney when he drove over a nail unknowingly. By the
time he reached his destination, his tire is already flat. The air that is slowly
escaping from the hole in his tire is an example of _________.
A. diffusion C. pressurizing
B. effusion D. partial pressure lowering

10. Which of the following gases will have the lowest rate of diffusion?
A. Cl2 C. H2
B. F2 D. N2

11. A container contains Nitrogen gas, whose partial pressure is 0.82 atm and
oxygen gas, whose partial pressure is 266 mmHg. What is the total pressure
in the container?
A. 0.87 atm C. 266.82 atm
B. 1.17 atm D. 266.82 mmHg

12. The air in our surrounding contains oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and
trace amounts of other gases. What is the partial pressure of oxygen at 760
mmHg of total pressure if the partial pressures of nitrogen, carbon dioxide,
and other gases are 600 mmHg, 0.300 mmHg, and 7.05 mmHg, respectively?
A. 100.13 mmHg C. 152.65 mmHg
B. 132.23 mmHg D. 1367.35 mmHg
13. Stoichiometry is based on the law of conservation of mass. What does this
statement mean? It means that
A. the mass of the reactants must be the reactants and the products
equal to the mass of the products must have the same coefficients
B. the reactants and the products a balanced chemical equation
must have the same subscript must have the same number of
the same types of molecules

14. How many liters of CO2 are produced from 5 L of CO?

Balanced equation: 2 CO + O2 −> 2 CO2
A. 2.5 L C. 15 L
B. 5 L D. 20 L

15. Balloons filled with helium deflate faster than balloons filled with air. What is
the reason behind?
A. Helium molecules have strong C. Air molecules have a lower mass
repulsive force. than helium molecules.
B. Air molecules have higher kinetic D. Helium molecules have a lower
energy than helium molecules. mass than air molecules.
 Let Us Enhance

Essay:
Now it is time to apply what you have learned in this module and find their
relevance to everyday lives. Upon answering, take note of the rubrics below. Answer
briefly but direct to the point! You can do it.

A. Complete the table by filling in with correct information.

Lessons Description How can they be used in real life?

Dalton’s Law

Gas
Stoichiometry

Graham’s Law

B. Answer the question below briefly.

1. Two containers are placed at opposite ends of the room. One container contains
ammonia gas (NH3), which has a strong pungent odor, and the other contains
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which smells like a rotten egg. Which odor will they smell
first?
Your answer will be rated base on the rubric below. Please be guided
accordingly.

Rubric in Assessing the Essay

Criteria Poor Fair Good Excellent

1 pt 2 pts 3 pts 4 pts
Depth of Writing Writing Writing Writing
Reflection demonstrates demonstrates demonstrates a demonstrates
lack a minimal general reflection an in-depth
of reflection reflection on on the selected reflection on the
on the the selected topic, including selected topic,
selected topic, some supporting including
 topic, with no including a details and supporting
details. few examples. details and
supporting examples.
details and
examples.

Quality of Information Information Information Information

Information has little to clearly clearly relates to clearly relates to
do with the relates to the the main topic. It the main topic.
main topic. main topic. provides 1-2 It includes
No details supporting several
and/or details and/or supporting
examples are examples details and/or
given. examples.

Structure & Writing Writing is Writing is mostly Writing is clear,

Organization unclear, unclear, and clear, concise, concise, and
disorganized. thoughts are and organized well organized
Thoughts not well with the use of with the use of
make little to organized. excellent excellent
no sense. Thoughts are sentence/paragr sentence/parag
not aph structure. raph structure.
expressed in Thoughts are Thoughts are
a logical expressed in a expressed in a
manner. logical manner. logical manner.

Adapted from: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?sp=yes&code=L34935

Let Us Reflect

Stoichiometry is like Cooking!

In Cooking we measure ingredients, in Stoichiometry we measure the number of

elements.

What is STOICHIOMETRY? It comes from two Greek words, stoikhein which

means element, and the metron which means measure.

When we are cooking, the taste of the product depends on the amount of the
ingredients we mixed. The measurement determines whether the food is tasty or
not.

In making chemically engineered products such as deodorant, soap, or gasoline,

the precision of measures of the reactants determines the expected outcomes of
products.

This is why stoichiometry is an important aspect of the chemical process. The

reactants must be exact to maintain the expected outcomes of the products
desired.
 Answer Key

10. C 5. B 10. C
9. D 4. B 9. B
B 5.
C 4. 8. D 3. D 8. A
B 3.
D 2. 7. D 2. C 7. A
D 1. 6. A 1. A 6. B
Let Us Try Let Us Try Let Us Assess Let Us Assess.

15. D

14. B

13. A

12. C

11. B

Let Us Assess.

References

Commission on Higher Education. 2016. google.com. Accessed May 23, 2020.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B869YFOKEHr7SHFGVG5mVFFhcXc/view

“Dalton’s Law (Law of Partial Pressures).” 2020. August 16, 2020.

https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/1518.

“Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures”. Khan Academy. Accessed September 5, 2021.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/gases-and-kinetic-
molecular-theory/ideal-gas-laws/a/daltons-law-of-partial-pressure

“Diffusion and Effusion”. Boundless Chemistry. Accessed September 5, 2021.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
chemistry/chapter/diffusion-and-effusion/
“Gas Stoichiometry.” 2014. July 2, 2014.
https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/15069.

“Graham’s Laws of Diffusion and Effusion.” 2020. September 2, 2020.

https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/41411.

“Molecular Effusion and Diffusion.” 2021. June 18, 2021.

https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/21766.

“The Ideal Gas Law and Gas Stoichiometry.” 2020. November 24, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/284443.