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SCIENCE 10

Behavior of Gases

Quarter 4 Week 1-2 Module

11
Most Essential Learning
Investigate the relationship between:
1Competency:

volume and pressure at constant temperature of a gas;

and
volume and temperature at constant pressure of a gas.
explains these relationships using the kinetic molecular
theory.
S10 MT-IIj-20

Marites B. Panganiban ,MT I

Writer

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HOW TO USE THIS SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIAL

Before you start answering this Supplementary Learning Material, I want you to set aside
other tasks that will disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to
successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this
Supplementary Learning Material.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning, that
is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in this Supplementary Learning Material.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

Parts of the Supplementary Learning Material

● Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the lessons in
this Supplementary Learning Material.
● Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered
throughout the lesson.
● Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
● Activities - These are activities designed to develop critical thinking and other
competencies. This can be done with or without a partner depending on the nature of the
activity.
● Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the lessons.
● Checking your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
● Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire Supplementary
Learning Material.

EXPECTATIONS
After successfully completing this Supplementary Learning Material, you should
be able to:
● identify the different properties of gases such as mass, volume, temperature and
pressure;
● understand the law that relates the pressure and volume of a gas, keeping the
temperature constant;
● investigate the relationship between volume and temperature at constant
pressure;
● solve problems applying the Boyle’s Law and Charles’s Law; and
● identify some applications of Boyle’s Law and Charles’s Law.

Let us start your journey in learning more on heat and energy transfer.
I am sure you are excited to answer the Pretest.

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PRE-TEST

Direction: Read and understand the statements below. Select the correct answer and encircle
the letter.
1. You can still pump air into a balloon even if it is already inflated. What explains this
phenomenon?
A. The air inside the balloon is hot.
B. The air molecules can be compressed.
C. The balloon is made up of plastic material.
D. The balloon looks better if its size is bigger.
2. What will happen to the volume of a confined gas as the pressure decreases? The
volume of the gas will _____________.
A. increase B. decrease C. stays the same D. not affected
3. How can you possibly prove that gases have negligible mass?
A. Support your claim using an equation.
B. Put a balloon in the digital balance before and after inflating it.
C. Hold two boxes of different sizes filled with air and feel the difference.
D. Hang in a plastic bottle filled with air using a rubber band, observe the stretching in
the rubber band.
4. The relationship of which two variables are compared in Charles’s Law?
A. volume and pressure C. temperature and volume
B. temperature and pressure D. temperature and mass
5. Which statement describes Charles’s Law?
A. Pressure is directly proportional to volume.
B. Temperature is directly proportional to volume.
C. Volume is inversely proportional to temperature.
D. Temperature is inversely proportional to volume.

Very good! You’re done answering the questions above. You may
request your guardian to check your answers.

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION

GASES
Everyone can name as many solids and liquids around us because we can see those
things, but not gases. Even if we are living in an environment of gaseous solution. The earth’s
atmosphere is a mixture of different kinds of gases in varying percentages. The gases in Earth’s
atmosphere include 78% of Nitrogen, 21% of Oxygen, 0.03% of Argon, 0.04% of Carbon Dioxide
and trace amounts of neon, helium, methane, krypton and hydrogen, as well as water vapor. The
atmosphere both supports life and also protects us from the blast of heat and radiation emanating
from the sun. It makes the planet Earth warm during daytime and makes it cool at night. But
because of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, a product of the combustion of fossil fuels,
it causes a dangerous warming of the earth. Today, we are experiencing unusually rapid warming.
The scientific consensus is that greenhouse gases are trapping heat in the atmosphere.
In this Supplementary Learning Material, you will have a chance to get to know important
concepts that will make you appreciate gases; its properties and behavior. The study of gases
provides an excellent example of the scientific method in action.

I know you are excited to learn more about the methods of heat
transfer. By doing the ACTIVITIES, you will unlock more knowledge.
So learn by doing. Good luck and enjoy!

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Knowing Gases

Objective:
Find out the different properties of gases such as volume, mass, temperature, and
pressure.
Materials: balloon, small/portable air pump (if available), used oil, water, syringe and small glass

Activity A
Volume of Gases
1. Get a deflated balloon.
2. Inflate the balloon by blowing air into it. You can use an air pump if available.
Questions:
a. What happens to the balloon when you inflate it?
b. What occupies the inflated balloon?

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 c. What does this activity prove?
3. Using a small glass half-fill it with water.
4. Add a small amount of oil (used oil can be added to avoid wasting cooking oil) at least 20
mL. Mark the initial level of the water-oil mixture.
5. Dip a syringe in the mixture and pump air into the container.
6. Carefully remove the syringe and look at what happened to the volume of the mixture.
Questions:
d. What happens to the volume of the water-oil mixture when you pump air into it?
e. What does it indicate?

Activity B
Mass of Gases
Materials: ruler, thread or string, and balloons
1. Find out the center of a ruler and tie using a thread/string, then hang it (be sure that it is
balanced).
2. Inflate 2 identical balloons and hang them on each end of the ruler. Observe the position
of the ruler.
3. Using a pair of scissors, cut the balloon at the top (do not prick it) to release the air from
the balloon. Observe.
Questions:
a. What did you observe with the ruler’s position when the identical balloons are hung at
the ends of the ruler?
b. When the air was released from one of the balloons, what happened to the position of
the ruler?
c. What can you infer in this activity?

Activity C
Temperature of Gases
Materials: small pot, water, crushed ice, laboratory thermometer,
1. Pour approximately 500 mL of water in a small pot. Measure the initial temperature of the
air just above the water level.
2. Fill the pot with crushed ice up to the water level. After 5 minutes measure the temperature
of the air just above the water level.
3. Replace the content of the pot with tap water and heat the water until it boils and get the
temperature of the air just above the water level.
Questions:
a. Is there a difference in the temperature of the air among the three set-ups?
b. Explain the difference in temperature of air in the activity.
Note: Use the boiling water for the next activity set-up.

Activity D
Pressure of Gases
1. Transfer the hot water in a bottle. Be careful in transferring the water.

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 2. Put a deflated balloon at the mouth of the bottle.
3. Observe what will happen with the balloon.

Questions:
a. What happens to the balloon?
b. What causes this change to happen?

Remember:
Units of Pressure
1.0 atm = 760.0 mm Hg = 760.0 torr
where: atm – standard atmosphere
mm Hg – millimeters of mercury
cm Hg – centimeters of mercury
torr – Torricelli
The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa).
1 standard atmosphere = 101,325 Pa
A unit of pressure that is used in the engineering sciences and use for measuring tire pressure is
pounds per square inch (psi)
1.0 atm = 14.69 psi

Showing the relationships of the above units of pressure we can have the following:
1.0 atm = 76 cmHg = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 14.69 psi

Activity 2
BOYLE’S LAW

Objective:
Investigate the relationship between volume and pressure of gases at constant
temperature.
Materials: 60 mL syringe, syringe tip cover and tiny marshmallows
Procedure:
1. Place two tiny marshmallows inside the syringe.
2. Place the plunger at the maximum measurement set-up.
3. Put the tip cover of the syringe if available, if not cover the end with your finger to avoid
air from escaping.
4. Move the plunger towards the tiny marshmallows inside the syringe and observe.
5. Place the plunger near the marshmallow (be sure not to squeeze the mallows). Pull the
plunger and observe what will happen to the marshmallows.
Questions:
a. What happens to the tiny marshmallows as you move the plunger towards it?
b. When you move the plunger towards the marshmallows, what happens with the
volume of the air inside the syringe? How about when you pull it away from the
marshmallows?

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 c. What happens to the marshmallows as you increase the volume of the air inside the
syringe?
d. While you are moving the plunger back and forth, you are decreasing and increasing
the volume of the air inside the syringe. What did you observe about the effort you are
exerting?
e. What can you infer about the relationship of the volume inside the syringe and the
pressure you exerted?

Google image

f. What does a dot represent in the above drawing?

g. What gas variables (Pressure, Temperature, Volume, Mole) are present in the
drawing?
h. What will happen to the volume when pressure is increased? What will happen to the
pressure when volume is increased?
i. What will happen to volume when pressure is decreased?
j. What will happen to the pressure when volume is decreased?

k. What is the relationship between volume and pressure as shown in the graph above?

The activity you have performed enables you to observe Boyle’s Law, which can be used
to describe the relationship between volume and pressure of gases at constant temperature.
Based on the result of your activity, what can you infer?

In your Grade 9 lesson on living things and their environment, you made use of the lung
model to explain the respiratory system. Do you still have a model with you? Try to use it again.
What do you notice as you pull the bigger balloon that represents the diaphragm? Yes, the lungs
expand! Let’s try to explain it with the use of Boyle’s Law. Pulling the rubber balloon represents
inhaling. As you inhale, the lung cavity expands, causing the pressure inside the lungs to decrease
and become lower than the outside pressure. As a result, air flows from the higher pressure area,
which is outside the body, into the lungs. Exhaling is the opposite process; when you release the

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rubber which represents the diaphragm, the balloon representing the lungs decreases in volume.
This phenomenon happens during exhaling. When the diaphragm contracts as you exhale, it
results in a decrease in the lung volume, increasing the pressure inside the chest cavity and
causing air to flow out of the lungs. Try to breathe in and breathe out and mindfully observe what
happens to your lung cavity. Interestingly, as you inhale and exhale, approximately 500mL of air
gets in and out of your lungs. Where else do you see applications of the relationship between
pressure and volume of gases?

The first careful experiments on gases were performed by the Irish scientist Robert Boyle
(1627-1691). Using a J-shaped tube closed at one end, which he reportedly set up in the multi-
story entryway of his house. He trapped a fixed amount of air in the J-tube, he changed the
pressure and controlled the temperature and then, he observed its effect on the volume of the air
inside the J-tube. He found out that as the pressure is increased, the volume decreases. He finally
concluded that the volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at
constant temperature.

Boyle’s Law is the relationship of the pressure and volume of a gas which can be
expressed in words as:
pressure times volume equals a constant
or in terms of an equation as:
PV = k
where k is a constant at a specific temperature for a given amount of gas.

If we know the volume of a gas at a given pressure, we can predict the new volume if the
pressure is changed, provided that the temperature or the amount of gas is not changed.

http://seanlinnane.blogspot.com/2013/07/boyles-law.html

We can represent the initial pressure and volume as P 1 and V1 and the final pressure as
P2 and V2, using Boyle’s law we can write
P1V1 = k and P2V2 = k
We can also say that
P1V1 = k = P2V2
or simply
P1V1 = P2V2

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Sample Problems:
1. A sample of hydrogen gas (H 2) has a volume of 6.0 L and a pressure of 1.0 atm. What is
the new pressure if the volume is decreased to 4.0 L at constant temperature?
Given:
V1 = 6.0 L P1 = 1.0 atm
V2 = 4.0 L
Required:
P2 = ?
Equation:
P1V1 = P2V2
Solution:
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑃2 =
𝑉2
(1.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(6.0 𝐿)
=
4.0 𝐿
Answer:
P2 = 1.5 atm

2. Consider a 1.8 L sample of Freon gas at a pressure of 56 torr. If the pressure is changed
to 150 torr at a constant temperature, what will be the new volume of the gas?
Given:
V1 = 1.8 L P1 = 56 torr
P2 = 150 torr
Required:
V2 = ?
Equation:
P1V1 = P2V2
Solution:
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑉2 =
𝑃2
(56 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟)(1.8 𝐿)
=
150 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
Answer:
= 0.672 L

Checking your understanding:

1. Oxygen gas inside a 1.5 L gas tank has a pressure of 1.15 atm. Provided that the
temperature remains constant, how much pressure is needed to reduce its volume by ½?
2. A sample of fluorine gas occupies a volume of 750 mL at 760 torr. Find the new volume
of the gas when the pressure increased by 995 torr.
3. A 10.0 L balloon contains helium gas at a pressure of 655 torr. What is the new pressure
when the volume expands to 20.0 L at constant temperature?

Activity 3
CHARLES’ LAW

Objective:
Investigate the relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure.
Materials: party balloon, hot water in a pot, tape measure

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Procedure:
1. Partially inflate two balloons, then measure the circumference using a tape measure.
2. Put one of the balloons inside the freezer. Leave it there.
3. Using hot water in a pot, submerge one of the balloons into the hot water. Be careful not
to touch the pot and the hot water to avoid burning your hands.
4. Observe what will happen to the balloon after a few minutes.
5. Then measure the circumference of the balloon.
6. After an hour take the balloon from the freezer and measure its circumference.
Questions;
a. What happens to the size/circumference of the balloon that you put into the hot water?
b. What happens to the size of the balloon that you place inside the freezer?
c. How does the change in temperature relate to the volume of gas inside the balloon?

In the century following Boyle’s findings, scientists continued to study the properties of
gases. The French mathematician, physicist, and inventor Jacques-Alexandre-César Charles,
(born November 12, 1746, Beaugency, France—died April 7, 1823, Paris), was the first to ascend
in a hydrogen balloon (1783). He showed that the volume of a given amount of gas (at constant
pressure) increases with the temperature of the gas. That is, the volume increases when the
temperature increases (for a given amount of gas at a given pressure).

The direct proportionality between volume and temperature (in Kelvin) is represented by
the equation known as Charles’s Law:
V = kT
where V is for volume, T is temperature in Kelvin (K) and k is the proportionality constant. Why is
there a need to convert 0C to K? Kelvin is the basic unit for measuring temperature in the
International System of units (SI system). Kelvin unit's abbreviation is K (no degree or degree
sign).

http://seanlinnane.blogspot.com/2013/07/boyles-law.html
We can also write Charles’s law in terms of the initial conditions as V 1 and T1; the final conditions
as V2 and T2.
𝑉1 𝑉
= 𝑘 and 2 = 𝑘
𝑇1 𝑇2
Thus
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

Sample Problem:
1. A 3.0 L sample of air is collected at 290 K and then cooled to 263 K. The pressure is held
constant at 1.0 atm. What is the volume of the air at 263 K? Does it increase or decrease?

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 Given:
T1 = 290 K V1 = 3.0 L
T2 = 263 K
Required:
V2 = ?
𝑉1 𝑉2
Equation: =
𝑇1 𝑇2
Solution:
𝑉1 𝑇2
𝑉2 =
𝑇1
(3.0 𝐿)(263 𝐾)
𝑉2 =
290 𝐾
Answer:
𝑉2 = 2.72 𝐿
The final volume V2 decreases from 3.0 L to 2.72 L.

2. An inflated balloon with a volume of 0.85 L at 40 0C was placed inside the freezer where
the temperature is -100C. Find out what will happen to the volume of the balloon if the
pressure remains constant.

Given:
T1 = 400C V1 = 0.85 L
T2 = -100C

Required:
V2 = ?
Convert first the temperature to Kelvin.
K = 0C + 273
So,
T1 = 400C + 273.15 = 313.15 K
T2 = -100C + 273.15 = 263.15 K
Equation:
𝑉1 𝑉
= 2
𝑇1 𝑇2
Solution:
𝑉1 𝑇2
𝑉2 =
𝑇1
(0.85 𝐿)(263.15 𝐾)
𝑉2 =
313.15 𝐾
Answer:
V2 = 0.71 L

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 Let’s find out what you have learned in this Supplementary
Learning Material.

Checking your understanding:

1. A tank contains 2.5 L of helium gas at 25 0C. What will be the volume of the tank after
heating it and its content to 500C temperature at constant pressure?
2. A cylinder with a movable piston contains 3.5 L air at 12 0C. If the pressure is kept constant,
at what temperature would you expect the volume to be 1.5 L?
3. A sample of carbon dioxide gas occupies 2.86 L at 123 0C. Calculate the temperature at
which the gas will occupy 7.2 L, if the pressure remains constant.

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases were derived from experiments done by scientists about
gases. Based from their observations, they formulated the following basic assumptions about
the Kinetic Molecular Theory:
1. Gases are composed of molecules. The distances from one molecule to another
molecule are far greater than the molecules’ dimensions. These molecules can be
considered as spherical bodies which possess negligible mass and volume.

Molecules of Gases

2. Gas molecules are always in constant random motion and they frequently collide with
one another and with the walls of the container. Collision among molecules is perfectly
elastic, that is, energy may transfer from molecule to molecule as the result of collision
but the total energy of all the molecules in the system remains the same or constant.

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 Molecules of Gases in Random Motion

3. There are no attractive forces between molecules of gases.

4. Movement of gas molecules is affected by temperature. The average kinetic energy of
the molecules is directly related to the temperature of gas.

REMEMBER
● Gas is one of the phases of matter. It has no definite shape and size. It can be compressed
easily.
● The properties of gases include mass, volume, temperature and pressure.
▪ The amount of gas or its mass could be expressed in moles or grams. The mass
of gases is negligible.
▪ The volume of gas is the amount of space occupied by the gases. Gases have the
tendency to occupy all the spaces of the container that they are confined.
▪ The temperature of gas can be measured in Celsius or Kelvin. Kelvin is the
absolute scale.
▪ The pressure of a confined gas is the average effect of the forces of the colliding
molecules. It can be measured in atm, torr, mmHg, Pa and psi.
● The properties of gases can affect one another. They are related to each other and can
be quantified experimentally with the aid of the different laboratory apparatus or by using
different gas laws. Two of these gas laws are the following:
▪ Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a given amount of gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure (at constant temperature): PV = k. That is, as pressure
increases, volume decreases.
▪ Charles’s Law states that, for a given amount of gas at constant pressure, the
volume is directly proportional to the temperature (in Kelvin), V = kT. That is, as
temperature increases, volume also increases.
● The behavior of gases can be explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT).

Now it’s time to find out if you have learned from this
Supplementary Learning Materials. Are you ready? Good luck!

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POST – TEST
Direction: Read carefully the following statements and select the correct answer. Encircle the
letter of your answer.
1. Which of the following properties DOES NOT describe gases?
A. Malleability B. Pressure C. Temperature D. Volume
2. Which statement describes Charles Law?
A. Pressure is directly proportional to volume.
B. Volume is inversely proportional to temperature.
C. Temperature is inversely proportional to pressure.
D. Temperature is directly proportional to volume.
3. The absolute temperature is expressed in Kelvin. How many Kelvin are there in 30 0C?
A. 243.15 K B. 273.15 K C. 303.15 K D. 320.15 K
4. What will happen to the volume of a gas as the temperature increases, if the pressure is
kept constant?
A. There is no significant effect.
B. The volume of the gas increases.
C. The volume of the gas decreases.
D. The volume of the gas remains the same.
5. A 5.0 L oxygen tank gas exerts a pressure of 1 atm. What pressure is needed for this
gas to be compressed in a 2.0 L cylinder, provided there is no temperature changed?
A. 3.0 atm B. 2.5 atm C. 2.0 atm D. 1.5 atm
6. Which one of the following DOES NOT signify normal atmospheric pressure?
A. 760 mm Hg B. 760 torr C. 2 atm D. 76 cm Hg
7. What happens to the volume of a confined gas if its pressure is doubled and its
temperature remains constant?
A. Volume will increase. C. Volume will remain the same
B. Volume will decrease D. Volume will decrease by one-half
8. A sample of neon gas at 760 mm Hg has a volume of 10.0L and a temperature of 34°C.
What will happen to the new volume of the gas after the temperature has been
increased to 75°C at the same pressure?
A. The volume will remain the same. C. The volume will decrease.
B. The volume will increase. D. None of the above.
9. Records show that the incident of tire explosion is high during summer season. Which of
the following gives the best explanation for this observation?
A. There is too much air inside the tires.
B. Vehicles’ tires are not well maintained.
C. There are more travelers during summer vacation.
D. High temperature during the summer season causes the air inside the tire to expand.
10. Which of the following samples is highly compressible at high pressure and expandable
at high temperature?
A. ice B. water C. Oxygen gas D. aluminum sheet

14
References:

1. Zumdahl, S.(2004) Introductory Chemistry, A Foundation, Fifth Edition

2. DepEd (2015) Science Grade 10, Learner’s Material, First Edition
3. http://seanlinnane.blogspot.com/2013/07/boyles-law.html
4. The Sci Guys: Science at Home – SE2 – EP10: Charles’s Law of Ideal Gases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NplVuTrr59U
5. Boyle's Gas Law lab activity, using mini marshmallows and a syringe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1I93Y2AH0mw

Management and Development Team

Writer: Marites B. Panganiban, MT I, F. Torres High School

Editors: Rogelio A. Yag-at ,HT VI
Rosanna N. Nilo ,HT VI
Eleslie D. Gozon ,HT VI
June Daffodil T. Saquilabon,HT VI
Abigael D. Aquino ,HT VI
Aimelyn T. Zuniga ,HT III
Schools Division Superintendent:Maria Magdalena M. Lim ,CESO V
Chief Education Supervisor:Aida H. Rondilla
Education Program Supervisor:Rebecca M. Roxas
CID – LRMDS Libratian II: Lady Hannah C. Gillo
CID-LRMDS PDO II:Albert James P. Macaraeg

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