Physical Science

Quarter 2 – Module 13
Special Theory of Relativity

CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

Module 13
Physical Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 13: Special Theory of Relativity
First Edition 2021

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 Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 13
Special Theory of Relativity
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
you’re learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that
you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you to
understand how the special theory of relativity resolved the conflict between the
electromagnetic theory and Newtonian mechanics. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module focuses on Special Theory of Relativity.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain the conflict between the theory of electromagnetism and Newtonian
Mechanics; and
2. explain how special relativity resolved the conflict between Newtonian
mechanics and Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic theory.

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. It is based on the application of Newton’s three laws of motion which assume

that the concepts of distance, time, and mass are absolute.
a. Electromagnetism
b. Newtonian mechanics
c. Newtons’ law of universal gravitation
d. Special Relativity

2. This theory explains how space and time are linked for objects that are
moving at constant speed in a straight line.
a. Electromagnetic theory
b. Kepler’s law of planetary motion
c. Newton’s law of universal gravitation
d. Special Relativity

3. Which of the following is the speed of light?

a. 186,000 miles per second
b. 186,000 miles per minute
c. 187,000 miles per second
d. 187,000 miles per minute

4. This physicist developed the special theory of relativity

a. Albert Einstein
b. Heinrich Hertz
c. Isaac Newton
d. James Clerk Maxwell

5. How many postulates are there in the Special Theory of Relativity?

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5

6. Which of the following displays the use of special relativity in everyday life?
a. Global Positioning System (GPS)
b. Graphing Calculators
c. Microwave ovens
d. Toasters

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7. What two principles make up the theory of special relativity?
a. Principle of mass and the principle of nuclear forces
b. Principle of nuclear forces and the principle of the speed of light
c. Principle of relativity and the principle of mass
d. Principle of relativity and the principle of the speed of light

8. Which of the following is TRUE about the speed of light?

a. Dependent on the motion of the source of the light
b. Dependent on the relative motion of the observer
c. Neither A nor B
d. Both A and B

9. Which of the following is a postulate of special relativity?

a. Physicists can make no measurements in a moving reference frame.
b. The color of light is the same for all observers.
c. The laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniformly moving
frames of reference.
d. The relative speed of two objects is the same for all observers.

10. Consider the list of physical properties below. According to special relativity,
which one(s) is/are dependent on the observer speed?
a. Energy
b. Length
c. Time
d. All of these

11. Which of the following is true according to the special relativity?

a. Physical laws are the same in frames of reference which accelerate.
b. Physical laws are the same in frames of reference which move at
uniform velocity
c. Physical laws are the same in frames of reference which move in
circles.
d. Physical laws are the same in frames of reference which move in
ellipses.

12. It is the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic

radiation extends.
a. Electromagnetic spectrum
b. Magnetic inductors
c. Optical mirrors
d. Prism

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 13. This physicist demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through
space as waves moving at the speed of light.
a. Albert Einstein
b. Heinrich Hertz
c. Isaac Newton
d. James Clerk Maxwell
14. It is a form of electromagnetic (EM) radiation that is observable to most
human eyes.
a. Infrared
b. Ultraviolet
c. Visible light
d. X-rays

15. Which is TRUE about Newton’s first law of motion?

a. a moving object that is not acted on by an unbalanced force will
accelerate
b. a moving object that is not acted on by an unbalanced force will
change its momentum
c. a moving object that is not acted on by an unbalanced force will
eventually come to a stop
d. a moving object that is not acted on by an unbalanced force will
remain in motion

Lesson

1 Special Theory of Relativity

In order to understand Physics, one must start with a thoughtful learning

experience of motion, time, and space. Since these three are in every activity of our
daily living, one can fully understand our interaction with everything here on Earth
and even everything outside it.

What’s In

Before we proceed with the brief discussion on the conflict of Newtonian

Mechanics and the Theory of Electromagnetism and how the Special Theory of
Relativity resolved that conflict, let us first answer the drill below:

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A. Complete the table of the Electromagnetic Spectrum of light. Write your
answer on a piece of paper.

B. Solve the following problems. Use the formula of Newton’s Second Law of
Motion (F=ma), where:
F – Force
m – mass
a – acceleration

1. Find the net force required to give an automobile of mass 1600 kg an

acceleration of 4.5 m/s2?
2. Give the mass of an object that is experiencing a net force of 200 N and
an acceleration of 500 m/s2?
3. Find the acceleration of a car weighing 100 kg and has a force of 100 N.
4. What is the acceleration of a wagon with a mass of 20 kg if a horizontal
force of 64 N is applied to it?
5. An object accelerates 12.0 m/s2 when a force of 6.0 newtons is applied to
it. What is the mass of the object?

Notes to the Teacher

The teacher can use other guided illustrations about the
Newtonian Mechanics, Theory of Electromagnetism, and Special
Theory of Relativity to help parents in assisting the learners in the
learning experience. Videos that can be accessed online can also
be used to help understand the topics.

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 What’s New

Happy Birthday Greeting

Anna and Marissa are best friends since childhood. They were classmates
from kinder until grade 8 when Anna’s family needed to migrate to Alofi, Niue – a
small island country in the Pacific. Anna’s parents are both medical missionary
doctors. Marissa, on the other hand, remained in Manila, Philippines, where her
parents are both university professors.

Even though they were miles apart, the two girls kept in contact through
Facebook. A year after Anna migrated, her birthday is coming up and Marissa wanted
to greet her a happy birthday. Because Marissa is still in grade 9, she asked for her
mother’s help in using Facebook to greet her friend.

Marissa created an electronic happy birthday greeting card and sent it to Anna
at exactly 12:00 am of July 30 – Anna’s birthday. She was so happy because she was
the first to greet Anna on her birthday.

Anna replied thank you to Marissa even though Anna thought it was an
advanced greeting since it’s just July 29 in Niue. Anna’s reply was, “Thank you,
Marissa for your very early greeting. My birthday is tomorrow; however, I am so glad
that you remembered it. Thank you so much.”
Marissa was confused with Anna’s reply. “It’s already July 30, so why does
Anna say her birthday is tomorrow?” she thought. And because she was so confused,
she went to her mother and asked. Her mother told her that there’s a 19 hour
difference between Anna’s place and theirs.

Marissa then asked why time is delayed in Anna’s place. So, her mother
explained to her that it has something to do relatively with the geographic location
and the time zone of the country where Anna is and that no matter what happens,
July 30 is still Anna’s birthday.

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 What is It

The Special Theory of Relativity was coined and developed by Albert Einstein
in 1905 as an answer to the long-debated conflict between James Clerk Maxwell’s
Theory of Electromagnetism and Isaac Newton’s three Laws of Motion.

The Theories

Long before the development of the special theory of relativity, there were two
great theories of physics: The Theory of Electromagnetics developed by James Clerk
Maxwell and the Three Laws of Motion by Isaac Newton.

Newtonian Mechanics

Newtonian mechanics is grounded on the use of Newton’s three laws of

motion. The mechanics explains that space (distance), time, and mass, are absolute.
This means that the distance between two objects and the time that passes between
two events does not depend on the environment where the object is in.

Furthermore, according to Newton’s second law, objects in the environment

moves in a straight line; hence, the change of location from one environment to
another environment must register a straight line to other straight lines.

Moreover, it is said that no matter where you are or how fast you are moving,
there will be no changes in space or time. In all places, a kilometer is a kilometer and
a minute is a minute. And you can travel as fast as you want, with adequate
acceleration.

Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory of Light

James Clerk Maxwell had predicted that the electric field, magnetic field, and
light are different representations of the same phenomena or event. He further
predicted that visible lights are electromagnetic waves that move in a manner like
ripples in the water when a stone is dropped.

According to Maxwell, light as a wave have both electrical and magnetic

components and that it moves at a constant speed of 186,000 miles per second. It
means that the speed of light is the same for everything and for all observers.

The Conflict

There is only one conflict between the two theories: according to Maxwell, light
in a vacuum moves at 186,000 miles per second. And it does not change for all
observers and situation. However, according to Newtonian physics, all speeds are
relative – meaning speed depend on the observers, viewpoint and situation.

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Resolution: Einstein and the Special Theory of Relativity

In 1905, Albert Einstein published his observation about the differing ideas of
the two theories through the special theory of relativity. His theory is based on the
observations of events from different viewpoints.

He stressed that while Newtonian physics is true, Maxwell’s theory is also

correct. He resolved the opposing ideas by establishing the two foundations of the
special theory of relativity.

The first principle in Einstein theory is the consistent law principle. It states
that all motions are relative to the selected reference frame or viewpoint. It means
that the motion of an object is based on the observers’ viewpoint.

The laws of physics are the same in all frames of reference that are
moving at a constant velocity with respect to one another.

Example: A teenage boy is standing inside a train that is passing equally between
two oak trees. Because the train is moving, he saw that a lightning struck the tree
on his left first then the tree on the right. Another boy, who is standing at a train
platform, also saw the same event. Only, in his viewpoint, the lightning struck both
trees at the same time.

The second principle in Einstein’s theory deals with the speed of light. This is
the constancy of speed. He established that light moves in a speed of 186,000 miles
per second and is the same for all observers’ viewpoint.

The speed of light in an empty space has the same magnitude for all
observers regardless of their velocity.

Example: An astronaut that is moving towards the source of light will think that light
is moving at 186,000 miles per second. Hence, an astronaut that is not moving
towards the source of light will think that light is moving at 186,000 miles per
second. In short, regardless of the rate movement of the source of light and the rate
movement of the astronauts, the speed of light will remain the same.

These two postulates clarify that if two events happen at different places, it is not
always likely to say which of the two events happens first or that they occur at the
same time.

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 What’s More

Activity: Understanding Special Theory of Relativity

There are many ways by which you can understand how Albert Einstein resolved
the conflict between Newtonian mechanics and the theory of electromagnetics. For
this activity, you are going to describe what is asked for.
Learning the Skill: Describing the phenomenon (A)
1. In the story, Happy Birthday Greeting, Marissa sent a birthday greeting card
to Anna thru Facebook. Describe in what part of the story was the special
theory of relativity is demonstrated.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Teacher A and B are scheduled to have a class at 2:00 pm until 3:30 pm in

the afternoon. Both came to class on time however, according to the guard
on duty, Teacher A finished the class at 3: 25 pm while Teacher B finished at
3:35 pm. However, both teachers claimed that they both finished the class
on time. Explain how the special theory of relativity is involved in this
situation.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain in your own words the conflict between Newtonian mechanics and
the Electromagnetic Theory.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Learning the Skill: Establishing the timeline (B)

Directions: Using numbers 1-6, chronologically arrange the events listed below that
led to the development of the special theory of relativity.
a. _____ Albert Einstein completed his theory of relativity and stated the law of
mass-energy conservation.

b. _____ Galileo Galilei studied, observed, and experimented with inclined

planes and introduced the law of falling objects.

c. _____ Heinrich Hertz generated and produced radio waves thereby proving
the theory of Maxwell.

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 d. _____ Isaac Newton introduced the universal law of gravitation uniting
terrestrial and celestial theories of motion.

e. _____ James Clerk Maxwell predicted the theory of electromagnetism and

established that lights are also electromagnetic waves.

f. _____Johannes Kepler described the motion of planets around the sun, now
known as Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion.

What I Have Learned

You are almost at the end of this module, but before we totally wrap up, fill in the
blanks with terms/concepts you have learned from the topic discussed.

1. Newtonian mechanics is grounded on the use of Newton’s _______________.

2. The mechanics explains that space (distance), time, and mass are
_______________.

3. According to Newton’s second law, objects in the environment moves in a

_______________.

4. Light moves at a speed of _______________.

5. The consistent law principle states that all _______________ are relative to the
selected reference frame or viewpoint.

6. Albert Einstein published his observation about the differing ideas of the two
theories through the _______________.

7. The speed of light in an empty space has the same _______________ for all
observers regardless of their velocity.

8. In a Newtonian physics, all speeds are _______________.

9. James Clerk Maxwell introduced the _______________ theory.

10. Visible lights move in a manner like _______________ in the water.

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 What I Can Do

The special theory of relativity has cleared many doubts and conflicting ideas
about physics. Every day we see Einstein’s theory being displayed around us. Explain
how the things listed below are related to the special theory of relativity.
1. Electromagnets
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.

2. Global Positioning System (GPS)

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
3. Old Television
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What two principles make up the theory of special relativity?
a. Principle of mass and the principle of nuclear forces
b. Principle of nuclear forces and the principle of the speed of light
c. Principle of relativity and the principle of mass
d. Principle of relativity and the principle of the speed of light

2. This theory explains how space and time are linked for objects that are
moving at constant speed in a straight line.
a. Electromagnetic theory
b. Kepler’s law of planetary motion
c. Newton’s law of universal gravitation
d. Special Theory of Relativity

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3. It is based on the application of Newton’s three laws of motion which
assume that the concepts of distance, time, and mass are absolute.
a. Electromagnetism
b. Newtonian mechanics
c. Newtons’ law of universal gravitation
d. Special Relativity

4. Which of the following physicist developed the special theory of relativity?

a. Albert Einstein
b. Heinrich Hertz
c. Isaac Newton
d. James Clerk Maxwell

5. Which of the following is the speed of light?

a. 186,000 miles per second
b. 186,000 miles per minute
c. 187,000 miles per second
d. 187,000 miles per minute

6. How many postulates are there in the Special Theory of Relativity?

a. Five
b. Four
c. Three
d. Two

7. Which of the following displays the use of special relativity in everyday life?
a. Global Positioning System (GPS)
b. Graphing Calculators
c. Microwave ovens
d. Toasters

8. This physicist demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through
space as waves moving at the speed of light.
a. Albert Einstein
b. Heinrich Hertz
c. Isaac Newton
d. James Clerk Maxwell

9. Which is true about the speed of light?

a. Dependent on the motion of the source of the light
b. Dependent on the relative motion of the observer
c. Neither A nor B
d. Both A and B

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10. Which of the following is a postulate of special relativity?
a. Physicists can make no measurements in a moving reference frame.
b. The color of light is the same for all observers.
c. The laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniformly moving
frames of reference.
d. The relative speed of two objects is the same for all observers.

11. Which is TRUE about Newton’s first law of motion?

a. a moving object that is not acted on by an unbalanced force will
accelerate
b. a moving object that is not acted on by an unbalanced force will
change its momentum
c. a moving object that is not acted on by an unbalanced force will
eventually come to a stop
d. a moving object that is not acted on by an unbalanced force will
remain in motion

12. Consider the list of physical properties below. According to special relativity,
which one(s) is/are dependent on the observer speed?
a. Energy
b. Length
c. Time
d. All of these

13. Which of the following is true according to the special relativity?

a. Physical laws are the same in frames of reference which accelerate.
b. Physical laws are the same in frames of reference which move at
uniform velocity
c. Physical laws are the same in frames of reference which move in
circles.
d. Physical laws are the same in frames of reference which move in
ellipses.

14. It is the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic

radiation extends.
a. Electromagnetic spectrum
b. Magnetic inductors
c. Optical mirrors
d. Prism

15. It is a form of electromagnetic (EM) radiation that is observable to most

human eyes.
a. Infrared
b. Ultraviolet
c. Visible light
d. X-rays

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 Additional Activities

There are illusion puzzles that are related to the observer’s frame of reference.
Just as the same in the special theory of relativity, these illusions use the observer’s
frame of reference or viewpoint. Below are two optical illusions. Try to answer the
illusions and see in which viewpoint can you see the solutions to these puzzles.

A. Which one is longer? A or B?

B. What message is hidden in the picture below?

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 Module 13
CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS 15
should do the trick.)
changes the position of his frame of reference or his viewpoint. Tilting the paper at 90 degrees
B. Dream High Fly High (The observer should be able to see the hidden meaning if he/she
appears to be larger.)
identical figures are placed next to each other. Although they are both the same size, one
A. Both shapes have the same length. (The Jastrow illusion is an optical illusion where two
Additional Activities
What Can I Do? What Have I What’s More (B)
1. Electromagnets – magnetism is a Learned? a. 6
relativistic effect. If we use electricity, b. 1
1. Three laws of motion
that means we are generating c. 5
2. absolute
current. These charge particles are d. 3
3. straight line
affected by magnetic field thereby e. 4
4. 186,000 miles per
creating electromagnetic waves. f. 2
second
2. GPS – the observer using the GPS 5. motion
on the ground sees the satellite in 6. special theory of Assessment
motion relative to them. Special relativity 1. D 11. D
relativity predicts that we should see 6. magnitude 2. D 12. D
the GPS clocks ticking more slowly. 7. relative 3. B 13. B
8. electromagnetic 4. A 14. A
3. Old TVs – these appliances use 9. ripples 5. A 15. C
cathode ray tube screens. Relativistic 6. D
effect is seen when the 7. A
manufacturers shaped the magnets 8. D
that work with the cathode ray tube 9. D
to fire out electrons to make pictures. 10. C
What’s More (A) What’s In (A) What I know
1. Marissa sent a birthday card to Anna. In 1. Red 1. D
Marissa’s place, it was July 30; however, in 2. Orange 2. D
Anna’s place it was still July 29. Events 3. Yellow 3. A
that happen in two different places, it is 4. Blue 4. A
not always likely to say which of the two 5. Indigo 5. A
events happen first or that they occur at 6. Radio 6. A
the same time. 7. Infrared 7. B
8. Ultraviolet 8. D
2. The two teachers may have different 9. C
9. X-ray
time reading on their wristwatches. 10. D
Teacher A may have her time ten minutes 11. B
What’s In (B)
earlier than Teacher B. According to the 12. A
guard they both finished the class on time 1. 7,200 N 13. D
probably because the guard has also a 2. 0.4 kg 14. C
different time reading on his wristwatch. 3. 1 m/s2 15. D
4. 3.2 m/s2
3. The conflict of the two theories is that in
5. 0.5 kg
Newtonian universe, all speeds are relative
for all observers while in Maxwell’s theory,
the speed of light is the same for all
observers regardless of their viewpoint.
Answer Key
References
Caintic, Helen E. Physical Science. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc,
2016.

Cline, Douglas. “3.1: Introduction to Newtonian Mechanics.” Physics LibreTexts.

Libretexts, June 1, 2020.
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Classical_Mechanics/Book:_Variatio
nal_Principles_in_Classical_Mechanics_(Cline)/03:_Review_of_Newtonian_Mec
hanics/3.01:_Introduction_to_Newtonian_Mechanics (Accessed June 5, 2020)

Integrated Publishing, Inc. - A (SDVOSB) Service-Disabled Veteran Owned Small

Business.” Neets - Naval Electrical Engineering Training Series.
http://electriciantraining.tpub.com/.
http://electriciantraining.tpub.com/14182/css/Electromagnetic-Theory-Of-
Light-38.htm (Accessed June 5, 2020)

Ng, David. Perfect Guide 'O' Level Physics Structured Questions. Times Centre, 1
New Industrial Road, Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Education, 2013.

Sawadthaisong, N. New Century Elective Physics Secondary 4. Bangkok, Thailand:

Pelangi Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd, 2015.

Sawadthaisong, Nattakit. New Century Basic Physics Secondary 4. Bangkok,

Thailand: Pelangi Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd, 2015.

University of Oregon. “Special Relativity.” Relativity. http://abyss.uoregon.edu.

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/cosmo/lectures/lec06.html (Accessed June 5,
2020)

Weber, Robert L., Kenneth Verne. MANNING, George A. WEYGAND, and Marsh W.
White. College Physics. (Fifth Edition.) Robert L. Weber, Kenneth V. Manning,
Marsh W. White, George A. Weygand. New York, New York City: McGraw-Hill
Book Co., 1974.

Yong, Loo Wan, Loo Kwok Wai, Ong Bee Hoo, and Poon Kwok Leung. New Century
Elective Physics Secondary 5. Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand: Pearson Education
South Asia Pte Ltd, 2012.

Yong, Loo Wan, Loo Kwok Wai, Ong Bee Hoo, and Poon Kwok Leung. New Century
Elective Physics Secondary 6. Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand: Pearson Education
South Asia Pte Ltd, 2012.

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