General and Inorganic Chemistry

Prof.ssa Rossana Galassi

Contents for the TOTAL stoichiometry exam:

Classification of matter: a recall of concepts from high school. Nomenclature of compounds. Metals, non-
metals and metalloids. Oxides and Hydride. Acids and bases. Salts and formula units. Ionic compounds and
molecular compounds. Number of Avogadro. Mole’s Concept. Empirical formula and molecular formula.
Hydrated compounds. Chemical reactions and their balancing. Macro-Micro and symbolic representations
of chemical transformations. Molecular reactions, watery solution reactions: ionic reactions and net ionic
equations. Precipitation reactions and solubility tables. Classification of chemical reactions. Mass
relationship in chemical reactions: mole ratio and its meaning. Study cases: limiting reactant, percent yield,
reactions with reactants in solution (molarity), chemical analysis. Titrations. Gases laws and calculations in
reaction involving gases. Solutions and expression of the concentration. Conversion from an expression to
another. Dilution equation. Colligative properties and electrolytic behavior of solutions. Chemical
equilibrium: gases mixtures, watery solution equilibria, calculation of the equilibrium composition. Le
Chatelier Principle and its consequences on the composition of the equilibrium composition. Acids and
base. The pH scale and its calculations for acids (strong and weak) and bases (strong and weak). Salts and
Buffer solutions: calculation of the pH. Solubility and Kps: calculation of the solubility from Kps and
common ion effect. Verification of the condition of precipitation.

Contents for THE FIRST stoichiometry partial:

. Nomenclature of compounds. Metals, non-metals and metalloids. Oxides and Hydride. Acids and bases.
Salts. Ion compounds and molecular compounds. Empirical formula and molecular formula. Number of
Avogadro. Mole Concept Hydrated compounds. Chemical reactions and their balancing. Macro-Micro and
symbolic representations of chemical transformations. Molecular reactions, watery solution reactions: ionic
reactions and net ionic equations. Precipitation reactions and solubility tables. Classification of chemical
reactions. Mass relationship in chemical reactions: mole ratio and its meaning. Study cases: limiting
reactant, percent yield, reactions with reactants in solution (molarity), chemical analysis. Titrations. Gases
laws and calculations in reaction involving gases.

Contents for THE SECOND stoichiometry partial:

Solutions and expression of the concentration. Conversion from an expression to another. Dilution
equation. Colligative properties and electrolytic behavior of solutions. Chemical equilibrium: gases
mixtures, watery solution equilibria, calculation of the equilibrium composition. Le Chatelier Principle and
its consequences on the composition of the equilibrium composition. Acids and bases. The pH scale and its
calculations for acids (strong and weak) and bases (strong and weak). Salts and Buffer solutions: calculation
of the pH. Solubility and Kps: calculation of the solubility from Kps and common ion effect. Verification of
the condition of precipitation.

Contents for Total written exam (also named “oral exam”):

Definitions. Unit of measure. Significant measurements and significant errors. Atoms and Elements.
Structure of matter. Elements, compounds and mixtures. Interpretation of the chemical equations. Dalton's
atomic theory. Isotopes. Number and atomic mass. Periodic Table of Elements. Molecules and compounds.
Molecules and molecular formulas. Mole Concept. Molecular mass and molar mass. Number of Avogadro.
Nomenclature of compounds. Metals, non-metals and metalloids. Oxides. Acids and bases. Salts. Ionic
compounds and molecular compounds. Chemical reactions. Chemical reactions and their classification.
Chemical equations and equilibrium’s reactions. Net ionic equations. Concentration of the solution and
electrolytic behavior. Energy in Chemical Reactions (Thermochemistry). Energy and unit of measures.
Specific heat and thermal capacity. Enthalpy and reaction heat. Hess law and Born Haber cycle for NaCl
formation. Structure of matter. The structure of the atom. Electromagnetic radiation and atomic spectrum.
Quantum-mechanical description of the functions of the atom and the waves. Configuration of the atom.
Quantitative and orbital numbers. The principle of Pauli and the rule of Hund. Elements and their electronic
configuration, the periodic table. Periodic properties: size of atoms and ions, ionizing energy and electron
affinity. Chemical bond and molecular structure. Valence bond theory. Ionic and covalent bond. Symbols
and structure of Lewis. Octet rule. Resonance. Electronegativity. Dipole moment and molecular polarity.
Shape of molecules (VSEPR theory). Orbital hybrids. σ e π Bonds. Lewis and geometrical structures of
inorganic and organic molecules. Molecular orbital theory. Weak intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bond.
States of aggregation of matter. Gas properties. Gas equations. Gas mixtures and partial pressures. Gas
and van der Waals unequal equation. Liquids. State transition and phase equilibria. Surface tension.
Viscosity. Water and CO2 states’ diagrams. Solids: Ionic, covalent, molecular and metallic solids. Solutions.
Types of solutions. Process of dissolution. Concentration Units. Raoult Law. Colligative properties. Osmosis.
Solubility ". The speed of chemical reactions, chemical equilibrium. Chemical kinetics. Chemical reaction
rate. Relationship between concentration and time. Relationship between speed and temperature.
Reaction mechanism. Activation energy. Catalysis. Mass action law. Reaction quotient. Homogeneous and
heterogeneous equilibria. The principle of Le Chatelier. Energy and chemical reactions. Chemical
thermodynamics. General concepts. First law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and spontaneous variations.
Entropy and spontaneity. Second law and third law of thermodynamics. Gibbs function and chemical
equation spontaneity. The equilibrium constant. Chemistry of aqueous solutions. Acid-base reactions. Ionic
product of water, pH, pOH and pKw. Strong and weak electrolytes. Acids and bases according to Brönsted-
Lowry. The acid-base conjugated couples. Strength of acids and bases. Acid solutions of acids and strong
and weak bases. Polyprotic acids. Common ion effect. Lewis acids and bases. Covalent data and complex
ions. Acid and base reactions. Hydrolysis of salts. Ideal and real solutions. Precipitation and redox reactions.
Low solubility and solubility. Solubility and Kps. Solubility and common ion effect. Influence of pH on
solubility. Thermodynamics. Entropy and Gibbs free energy Electrochemistry Oxidation Reduction
Reactions. Electrochemical cells (spontaneous reactions) and electrolytic cells (not spontaneous reactions).
STP electrochemical potential. Free energy and voltaic potential. Non-standard voltaic cells: Nernst
equation. Potentiometric determinations of pH. Water Electrolysis .