Unit 1 Chapter 1 Lecture 3

Apex Institute of Technology
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING– (20CST-481)
Prepared By: MR. Aadi Partap Singh (E15043)
DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components
04/10/2024 1
of Image processing
DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Course Objective:
During the course, students will be able :
CO
Title Level
Number Will be covered in
To Understand the fundamental of digital Understand this lecture
CO1 image processing with python.
To acquire the knowledge to apply various
CO2 Understand
image processing techniques and tools.
To learn the practical applications of
CO3 image processing steps to real world Understand
problem.

04/10/2024 2
of Image processing
DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Course Outcome:
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
CO
Title Level
Number
Will be covered in
Fundaments and techniques implemented in
CO1
digital image processing technologies
Understand this lecture
Understanding the various filters applications,
CO2 smoothing applications and techniques by Understand
image processing implementation by python
Acquiring knowledge on various compression
CO3 and segmentation techniques, for image Understand
enhancement methods.

04/10/2024 3
of Image processing
Recap of previous session
In previous session we tried understanding the below concept :
 Image acquisition
 Image sampling
 Image quantization
 Image interpolation
04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 4

Image processing
Welcome to the session of
Unit-1: Fundamentals of Image processing
Chapter-1: Introduction to Image Processing
Lecture: 4 Stages in Image processing

Lecture:5 Components of Image processing

04/10/2024 5
of Image processing
…Activity…
What do you find in ?
Link:
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/19/31/bd/1931bd5c5cd5a6866662f6fdb1845e8f.jpg

Image processing
Agenda
Chapter:1 __Lecture: 4
 Representation of Digital images
 Stages in Image processing
 Components of Image processing
 Elements in involved in digital image processing
 PPI and DPI,
 Bitmap Images
Link:
https://medium.com/futframe-ai/fundamental-steps-of-digital-image-processing-d7518
d6bb23c

04/10/2024 7
of Image processing
Representing Digital Images
• The representation of an M×N numerical array as
 f (0, 0) f (0,1) ... f (0, N  1) 

 f (1, 0) f (1,1) ... f (1, N  1) 
f ( x, y )   
 ... ... ... ... 
 
 f ( M  1, 0) f ( M  1,1) ... f ( M  1, N  1) 

Image processing
• The representation of an M×N numerical array as
 a0,0 a0,1 ... a0, N 1 

 a a1,1 ... a1, N 1  
A  1,0
 ... ... ... ... 

 
 aM 1,0 aM 1,1 ... aM 1, N 1 

Image processing
• The representation of an M×N numerical array in MATLAB
 f (1,1) f (1, 2) ... f (1, N ) 

 f (2,1) f (2, 2) ... f (2, N ) 
f ( x, y )   
 ... ... ... ... 
 
 f ( M ,1) f ( M , 2) ... f (M , N )

Image processing
• Discrete intensity interval [0, L-1], L=2k
• The number b of bits required to store a M × N digitized image
b=M×N×k

Image processing
* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

dn

Image processing
Image Processing Fields
• Computer Graphics: The creation of images
• Image Processing: Enhancement or other manipulation of the image
• Computer Vision: Analysis of the image content

Image processing
Image Processing Fields
Input / Output Image Description
Image Image Processing Computer Vision
Description Computer Graphics AI
Sometimes, Image Processing is defined as “a discipline in which both the

input and output of a process are images
But, according to this classification, trivial tasks of computing the average

intensity of an image would not be considered an image processing
operation

Image processing
Computerized Processes Types
• Low-Level Processes:
• Input and output are images
• Tasks: Primitive operations, such as, image processing to reduce noise,
contrast enhancement and image sharpening

Image processing
• Mid-Level Processes:
• Inputs, generally, are images. Outputs are attributes extracted from those
images (edges, contours, identity of individual objects)
• Tasks:
• Segmentation (partitioning an image into regions or objects)
• Description of those objects to reduce them to a form suitable for computer processing
• Classifications (recognition) of objects

Image processing
• High-Level Processes:
• Image analysis and computer vision

Image processing
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing:
Outputs of these processes generally are image attributes

Outputs of these processes generally are images
Wavelets &
Colour Image Morphological
Multiresolution Image Compression
Processing Processing
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation
Image Enhancement Knowledge Base

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
04/10/2024Domain Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 18
Image processing
Fundamental Steps in DIP: (Description)
Step 1: Image Acquisition
The image is captured by a sensor (eg. Camera), and digitized if the
output of the camera or sensor is not already in digital form, using
analogue-to-digital convertor

Image processing

Wavelets &
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
Image processing
Step 2: Image Enhancement
The process of manipulating an image so that the result is more
suitable than the original for specific applications.
The idea behind enhancement techniques is to bring out details

that are hidden, or simple to highlight certain features of interest
in an image.

Image processing

Wavelets &
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
Image processing
Step 3: Image Restoration
- Improving the appearance of an image
- Tend to be mathematical or probabilistic models. Enhancement,

on the other hand, is based on human subjective preferences
regarding what constitutes a “good” enhancement result.

Image processing

Wavelets &
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
Image processing
Step 4: Colour Image Processing
Use the colour of the image to extract features of interest in an image

Image processing

Wavelets &
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
Image processing
Step 5: Wavelets
Are the foundation of representing images in various degrees of
resolution. It is used for image data compression.

Image processing

Wavelets &
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
Image processing
Step 6: Compression
Techniques for reducing the storage required to save an image or the
bandwidth required to transmit it.

Image processing

Wavelets &
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
Image processing
Step 7: Morphological Processing
Tools for extracting image components that are useful in the
representation and description of shape.
In this step, there would be a transition from processes that output

images, to processes that output image attributes.

Image processing

Wavelets &
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
Image processing
Step 8: Image Segmentation
Segmentation procedures partition an image into its constituent parts or objects.
Important Tip: The more accurate the segmentation, the more likely recognition is to succeed.

Image processing

Wavelets &
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
Image processing
Step 9: Representation and Description
- Representation: Make a decision whether the data should be represented as a
boundary or as a complete region. It is almost always follows the output of a
segmentation stage.
- Boundary Representation: Focus on external shape characteristics, such as
corners and inflections (‫)انحناءات‬
- Region Representation: Focus on internal properties, such as texture or
skeleton (‫ )هيكلية‬shape

Image processing
Step 9: Representation and Description
- Choosing a representation is only part of the solution for transforming raw
data into a form suitable for subsequent computer processing (mainly
recognition)
- Description: also called, feature selection, deals with extracting

attributes that result in some information of interest.

Image processing

Wavelets &
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
Image processing
Step 9: Recognition and Interpretation
Recognition: the process that assigns label to an object based on the
information provided by its description.

Image processing

Wavelets &
processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation

Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem
Image processing
Step 10: Knowledge Base
Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into an image
processing system in the form of a knowledge database.

Image processing
Components of an Image Processing System
Network
Image displays Computer Mass storage
Specialized image processing

Hardcopy Image processing software
hardware
Typical general-purpose
Image sensors DIP system
Problem Domain
Image processing
1. Image Sensors
Two elements are required to acquire digital images. The first is the
physical device that is sensitive to the energy radiated by the object
we wish to image (Sensor). The second, called a digitizer, is a device
for converting the output of the physical sensing device into digital
form.

Image processing
Network

hardware
Problem Domain
Image processing
2. Specialized Image Processing Hardware
Usually consists of the digitizer, mentioned before, plus hardware that performs
other primitive operations, such as an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs
arithmetic and logical operations in parallel on entire images.
This type of hardware sometimes is called a front-end subsystem, and its most
distinguishing characteristic is speed. In other words, this unit performs functions
that require fast data throughputs that the typical main computer cannot handle.

Image processing
Network

hardware
Problem Domain
Image processing
3. Computer
The computer in an image processing system is a general-purpose computer and
can range from a PC to a supercomputer. In dedicated applications, sometimes
specially designed computers are used to achieve a required level of performance.

Image processing
Network

hardware
Problem Domain
Image processing
4. Image Processing Software
Software for image processing consists of specialized modules that perform
specific tasks. A well-designed package also includes the capability for the user to
write code that, as a minimum, utilizes the specialized modules.

Image processing
Network

hardware
Problem Domain
Image processing
5. Mass Storage Capability
Mass storage capability is a must in a image processing applications. And image of
sized 1024 * 1024 pixels requires one megabyte of storage space if the image is
not compressed.
Digital storage for image processing applications falls into three principal
categories:
1. Short-term storage for use during processing.
2. on line storage for relatively fast recall
3. Archival storage, characterized by infrequent access

Image processing
5. Mass Storage Capability
One method of providing short-term storage is computer memory. Another is by specialized
boards, called frame buffers, that store one or more images and can be accessed rapidly.
The on-line storage method, allows virtually instantaneous image zoom, as well as scroll
(vertical shifts) and pan (horizontal shifts). On-line storage generally takes the form of magnetic
disks and optical-media storage. The key factor characterizing on-line storage is frequent
access to the stored data.
Finally, archival storage is characterized by massive storage requirements but infrequent need
for access.

Image processing
Network

hardware
Problem Domain
Image processing
6. Image Displays
The displays in use today are mainly color (preferably flat screen) TV
monitors. Monitors are driven by the outputs of the image and
graphics display cards that are an integral part of a computer
system.

Image processing
Network

hardware
Problem Domain
Image processing
7. Hardcopy devices
Used for recording images, include laser printers, film cameras,
heat-sensitive devices, inkjet units and digital units, such as optical
and CD-Rom disks.

Image processing
Network

hardware
Problem Domain
Image processing
8. Networking
Is almost a default function in any computer system, in use today.
Because of the large amount of data inherent in image processing
applications the key consideration in image transmission is
bandwidth.
In dedicated networks, this typically is not a problem, but

communications with remote sites via the internet are not always as
efficient.

Image processing
Elements of digital Image processing
• The basic operations performed
in a digital image processing
systems include
(1) acquisition,
(2) storage,
(3) processing,
(4) communication and
(5) display.
* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2
dn

Image processing
PPI & DPI
The units for measuring image resolution are PPI “pixels per inch”, DPI “dots per
inch” “dots per inch.”
If we consider an inch of an image, the

number of square pixels we are able to see
inside it is represented by PPI. DPI, on the
other hand, is related to printing. When
we print an image and look at an inch of
the print, the number of dots of ink used
is represented by DPI.
Link: https://www.talkesport.com/originals/ppi-and-dpi-impacts-on-pc-and-mobile-gaming/

Image processing
Bitmap Image
Bitmap is a binary image in which each pixel has one

of two numbers: either a zero or a one. They
represent black or white and are often used for storing
images efficiently.
https://community.adobe.com/t5/photoshop/bitmap-image-doe
sn-t-work/td-p/10315955?page=1

Image processing
Summary
In todays session we tried understanding the below concept :
Stages of Image processing
Components of Image processing
Elements of digital image processing
What is Image resolution, and its importance
What is PPI & DPI ?

Image processing
References:
 https://www.simplilearn.com/how-facebook-is-using-big-data-article?source=CTAexp
 https://www.icas.com/ca-today-news/10-companies-using-big-data
 https://www.bernardmarr.com/default.asp?contentID=1076
 Bryant, R.E., Katz, R.H., Lazowska, E.D.: Big-Data Computing: Creating Revolutionary Breakthroughs in
Commerce, Science and Society
 Sathi, A.: Implementation section (book 1). In: Big Data Analytics: Disruptive Technologies for Changing the
Game, 1st ed. MC Press Online (2012)
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 Digital Image Processing (3rd Edition): Rafael C. Gonzalez

Image processing
Assessment Pattern
S.No. Item Number/semester Marks
1 MSTs 2 20 per each
2 Quiz 2 per unit 4 per each quiz
3 Time bound surprise test 3 (one per unit) 12 per each test
4 Assignments 3 (one per unit) 10 per each Assignment
Engagement task (non

5 One per each topic depends
gradable)
Attendance +
6 Above 90% 2
Engagement score
Internal (division as mentioned above points 1-6) 40
External 60
Total 100

Image processing
THANK YOU
For queries
Email: aadi.e15043@cumail.in
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04/10/2024 64
Image processing

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Apex Institute of Technology

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components

Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 4

Chapter-1: Introduction to Image Processing

Lecture: 4 Stages in Image processing

Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components

What do you find in ?

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 6

 Representation of Digital images

 Stages in Image processing

 Components of Image processing

 Elements in involved in digital image processing

 PPI and DPI,

Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components

• The representation of an M×N numerical array as

 f (0, 0) f (0,1) ... f (0, N  1) 

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 8

• The representation of an M×N numerical array as

 a0,0 a0,1 ... a0, N 1 

 ... ... ... ... 

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 9

• The representation of an M×N numerical array in MATLAB

 f (1,1) f (1, 2) ... f (1, N ) 

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 10

• Discrete intensity interval [0, L-1], L=2k

• The number b of bits required to store a M × N digitized image

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 11

* Reference : R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, “Digital Image Processing – 2 E d i ti o n ”, Prenti ce Hall, 2 0 0 2

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 12

• Image Processing: Enhancement or other manipulation of the image

• Computer Vision: Analysis of the image content

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 13

Sometimes, Image Processing is defined as “a discipline in which both the

But, according to this classification, trivial tasks of computing the average

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 14

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 15

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 16

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 17

Outputs of these processes generally are image attributes

Image Enhancement Knowledge Base

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 19

Outputs of these processes generally are image attributes

Image Enhancement Knowledge Base

The idea behind enhancement techniques is to bring out details

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 21

Outputs of these processes generally are image attributes

Image Enhancement Knowledge Base

- Tend to be mathematical or probabilistic models. Enhancement,

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 23

Outputs of these processes generally are image attributes

Image Enhancement Knowledge Base

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 25

Outputs of these processes generally are image attributes

Image Enhancement Knowledge Base

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 27

Outputs of these processes generally are image attributes

Image Enhancement Knowledge Base

04/10/2024 Unit-1_Chapter-1_Lecture-1.4 & 1.5 Stages and components of 29

Outputs of these processes generally are image attributes

Image Enhancement Knowledge Base

In this step, there would be a transition from processes that output