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What is Extinction?
The fact or process of a species, family, or other
group of animals or plants becoming extinct.
Odds/chances/likelihood of reproduction
are slim
• Functional Extinction – if only a handful of individual are left.
Causes of Extinction
A. Genetics and Demographics
Small populations = increased risk
Mutations
• Causes a flux in natural selection
• Beneficial genetic traits are overruled
Loss of Genetic Diversity
• Shallow gene pools promote massive
inbreeding
Demographics are statistics that describe populations and their characteristics. Demographic analysis is the study of a
population-based on factors such as age, race, and sex.
Causes Con’t.
B. Habitat Degradation
One of the most influential
Has many causes
Some due to humans
Some due to other factors
Habitat Degradation
Toxicity
Kills off species directly through food/water
Indirectly via sterilization
Can occur in short spans (a single generation)
Can occur over several generations
• Increasing toxicity
• Increasing competition for habitat resources
Habitat Degradation
Destruction of Habitat
“Save the Rainforests!”
Elimination of living space
Change in habitat
• Rainforest to pasture lands
Leads to diminishing resources
• Increases competition
Can be caused by natural processes
• Volcanoes, floods, drought, etc…
Causes Con’t.
C. Predation
Competition
Disease
D. Coextinction
E. Mass Extinction
F. Planned Extinction
C. Predation
Introduction of predators
Invasive alien species
Transported by humans
• Cattle, rats, zebra muscles, etc…
• Sometimes on purpose, sometimes not
Can eat other species
Eat food sources
Introduce diseases
D. Coextinction
The loss of one species leads to the loss
of another
Chain of extinction
Can be caused by small impacts in the
beginning
A predator looses its food source
Affected by interconnectedness in nature
Co-extinction is the loss or decline of related species. When a species
becomes extinct, then plants and animals that were dependent on it also
become extinct in due time.
E. Mass Extinction
Aka: an extinction event
A sharp decrease in the number of
species on Earth in a short period of time
Coincides with a sharp drop in speciation
The process by which new biological species
arise
There have been at least 5
Last one was 65M years ago
Mass Extinction Diagram
Mass Extinction
Nearly 2/3rds (or more) of all animal
species that ever existed on the planet are
now gone.
• With contemporary extinction being attributed to
HUMAN activity.
www.johnstonsarchive.net/spaceart/cylmaps.html
Asteroids
Asteroids are small, rocky objects much
smaller than planets that orbit the sun.
Causes complete
devastation
Flattening and crater at
or around impact site-
hundreds of miles wide
Reverberations felt around
the world
Cosmic radiation Cosmic
radiation consists
of high-energy
charged
particles, x-rays
and gamma rays
produced in
space.
= Charged
particles react with
the earth's
atmosphere to
produce
secondary
radiation which
reaches the earth.
= Cosmic radiation
is produced by the
stars, including our
own sun.
www.iit.edu/~ipro313s/home.html
Acid Rain
Rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that it
causes environmental harm, typically to forests and lakes. The main
cause is the industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the
waste gases from which contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides, which
combine with atmospheric water to form acids.
http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/sustain/extinct.pdf
Human Causes of
Extinction
Top Human Causes of
Extinction:
Regions where
novel climates are
expected to form in
tropical and
subtropical regions
include the western
Sahara,
southeastern U.S.
and eastern India.
These future novel climates are
warmer than any present climates
globally, with spatially variable shifts
in precipitation, and increase the risk
of species reshuffling into future no-
analog communities and other
ecological surprises.
Extinction Hotspots
Where and what are hotspots?
“The concept of biodiversity hotspots was
penned by British ecologist Norman Myers in
1988 as a means to address the dilemma of
identifying the areas most important for
preserving species.” (national geographic)
http://www.zeroextinction.org/pointmapper/
azefiles/index.html
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the variation of taxonomic life
forms for a given biome or ecosystem
Boosts Ecosystem productivity
Measure of the health of a biological system
Benefits of Biodiversity
Mission Statement
“The objectives of this convention are the
conservation of biological diversity, sustainable
use of its components and the fair and equitable
sharing of the benefits arising out of the
utilization of genetic resources.”
Biodiversity Target