Lesson 03 - 03. Functions, Arrays, Strings and Parameter Passing - 01

03.
Functions, Arrays,
Strings and Parameter
Passing - 01
Oritented Object Programming C++: Chapter 03
 Time: 120 Minutes

 Instructor: Thang, Nguyen Chien
 Email: chienthangplus@gmail.com
 Phone: 0349 688 571
Previous lessons
1. Introduction C++
 C++ vs C
 Compilers, IDEs
2. C++ Language Basics
 Types: int, float, double
 Control Structures: if, for, while, switch-case…
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Contents
I. Functions
 Remind how to use functions
II. Function Overloading
 What-When-How
III. Default Arguments
 What-When-How
IV. Arrays
 What-When-How
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Objectives
 Explain how a function works

 Explain function prototyping
 Demonstrate how function overloading
 Determine how default arguments are used with
functions
 Explain recursion with the help of an example
 Explain array initialization with example
 Demonstrate how passing arrays to functions
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I. Functions
 A function is a set of instructions that can perform a

specific task, and can be called by others.
 Benefits:
Reusability
Modularity
Overall programming simplicity
 Functions are classified into:
Library functions
User-defined functions
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I. Functions (cont.)
 Function definition
<return type> <function name>(<argument list>)
{
<body of the function>
}
 <return type> is void when the function return
no values
 return statement used in the body to exit a function
and return a value.
 In void functions, do not need the return
 <argument list>: can be empty
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 Example 01:
void showRectangle() {
cout << "****************" << endl;
cout << "* *" << endl;
cout << "* *" << endl;
cout << "****************" << endl;
}
Output
int main() {
****************
showRectangle(); * *
return 0; * *
****************
}
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 Example 02:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {
if (x > y)
return x;
return y; Output
} The bigger number is 10
int main() {
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10;
bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
cout << "The bigger number is " << bigger;
return 0;
}
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 Example 02:
if (x > y)
return x;
return y;
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger ???
return 0;
}
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 Example 02:
if (x > y)
return x;
return y;
} b 10
int main() { a 2
return 0;
}
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 Example 02: int x = a, int y = b

if (x > y)
return x;
y 10
return y;
x 2
} b 10
int main() { a 2
return 0;
}
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 Example 02:
if (x > y)
return x;
y 10
return y;
x 2
} b 10
int main() { a 2
return 0;
}
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 Example 02:
if (x > y)
…. 10
return x;
y 10
return y;
x 2
} b 10
int main() { a 2
return 0;
}
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 Example 02:
if (x > y)
…. 10
return x;
y 10
return y;
x 2
} b 10
int main() { a 2
return 0;
}
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 Example 02:
if (x > y)
…. 10
return x;
return y;
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger 10
return 0;
}
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 Example 02:
if (x > y)
Output
…. 10
return x;
return y; The bigger number is 10
} b 10
int main() { a 2
int bigger, a = 2, b = 10; bigger 10
return 0;
}
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 Function Declaration
Describes the function interface to the compiler
When a function is called
• The compiler uses the template to ensure that proper
arguments are passed, and the return value is correctly
<return type> <function name>(<argument list>);
 Examples:
 int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y);
 int maxTwoNumbers(int, int);
 void printOddNumbersFrom(int k);
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 Example 03:
int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y);
int main() {
int a = 2, b = 10;
int bigger = maxTwoNumbers(a, b);
return 0;
}
if (x > y)
return x;
return y;
}
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Contents
I. Functions
IV. Arrays
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 Using the same function name but different

parameters to create functions that perform a variety
of different tasks
 Example: get average of 2, 3 or 4 numbers
float getAverage(float a, float b) {
return (a + b) / 2;
}
float getAverage(float a, float b, float c) {
return (a + b + c) / 3;
}
float getAverage(float a,float b, float c,float d) {
return (a + b + c + d) / 4;
}
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II. Function Overloading (cont.)
int main() {
// invoke getAverage(float a, float b)
cout << getAverage(1.2, 4.5) << endl;
// invoke getAverage(float a, float b, float c)
cout << getAverage(1.6, 3.6, -7.5) << endl;
// invoke:
// getAverage(float a, float b, float c, float d)
cout << getAverage(4.5, 1.5, 6.5, 1.9)<< endl;
return 0;
Output
}
2.85
-0.766667
3.6
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Contents
I. Functions
IV. Arrays
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 In C++ functions:
 Arguments can have default values from right to left
 Default values are specified when the function is declared.
 The function assigns a default value to the parameter which
does not have a matching argument in the function call
 Example:
 int sum(int a, int b, int c = 0); // OK
 int sum(int a, int b = 0, int c); // Not OK
 int sum(int a, int b = 0, int c = 0);// OK
 int sum(int a = 0, int b, int c = 0);//Not OK
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III. Default Arguments (cont.)
 Example 01:
float sum(float a, float b, float c = 0,
float d = 0) {
return (a + b + c + d);
Output
} sum(1.2, 4.5, 0, 0) 2.85
int main() { -0.766667
cout << sum(1.2, 4.5) << endl; 3.6
cout << sum(1.6, 3.6, -7.5) << endl;
cout << sum(4.5, 1.5, 6.5, 1.9)<< endl;
return 0;
}
getAverage(1.2, 4.5, -7.5, 0)
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III. Default Arguments (cont.)
 Example 02:
float sum(float, float, float = 0, float = 0);
int main() {
cout << sum(1.2, 4.5) << endl;
cout << sum(1.6, 3.6, -7.5) << endl;
cout << sum(4.5, 1.5, 6.5, 1.9)<< endl;
return 0;
}
float sum(float a, float b, float c, float d)
{
return (a + b + c + d);
}
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Contents
I. Functions
IV. Arrays
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Practices by Your-Self in 10 minutes
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Review 01
int Fibonacci(int n) {
if (n == 1 || n == 2)
return 1;
return Fibonacci(n - 1) + Fibonacci(n - 2);
}
int main() {
Output
cout << Fibonacci(5) << endl;
5
return 0;
}
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Review 02
void func() { Output
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1; 2|3
a = a + 1; 2|4
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0;
}
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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() {
int a = 1;
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0;
}
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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() {
int a = 1;
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0;
} a 1
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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() {
int a = 1;
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 1
} a 1
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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() {
int a = 1;
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 1
} a 1
2
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Review 02 (cont.)
void func() {
int a = 1;
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 1
2
} a 2
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Review 02 (cont.)
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
} a 2
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Review 02 (cont.)
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
} a 2
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Review 02 (cont.)
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
}
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Review 02 (cont.)
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
} a 1
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Review 02 (cont.)
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
} a 1
2
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Review 02 (cont.)
int a = 1; 2|2
static int sa = 1;
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 2
3
} a 2
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Review 02 (cont.)
int a = 1; 2|2
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 3
} a 2
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Review 02 (cont.)
int a = 1; 2|2
a = a + 1;
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 3
} a 2
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Review 02 (cont.)
int a = 1; 2|2
a = a + 1; 2|4
sa = sa + 1;
cout << a << " | " << sa << endl;
}
int main() {
func();
func();
func();
return 0; sa 4
3
}
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Review 03
void func(int a, int b, int c) {
cout << a << " " << b << " " << c << endl;
} Output
int main() {
321
int i = 1;
func(i++, i++, i++);
return 0;
}
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Contents
I. Functions
IV. Arrays
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IV. Arrays
 An array in C++ is a collection of elements

Elements stored at contiguous memory locations
Elements can be accessed randomly using indices
of an array.
 Declaration for an array: type name [elements];
 Example:
int arr[4];
0 1 2 3
arr
int
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IV. Arrays (cont.)
 Initializing arrays:
 int arr1[4] = {5, 7, 1, 2};
0 1 2 3
arr1 5 7 1 2
 int arr2[4] = {9, 2};

0 1 2 3
arr2 9 2 0 0
 int arr3[] = {7, 3, 5, 1, 2};

0 1 2 3 4
arr3 7 3 5 1 2
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IV. Arrays (cont.)
 Array elements are accessed by using an integer

index.
 Array index starts with 0 and goes till size of array minus 1
 Syntax: name [index];
 Example:
int arr[4] = { 5, 7, 1, 2 };
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
Output
cout << arr[i] << " ";
5712
}
arr[0] arr[1] arr[2] arr[3]
arr 5 7 1 2
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IV. Arrays (cont.)
 Multidimensional arrays can be described as "arrays

of arrays". arr2D[1]
 Example: int arr2D[3][4]; int[4]
arr2D 0 1 2 3
0
1
2
arr2D[2][3]
int
arr2D[0]
int[4]
arr2D[2] arr2D[1][1]
int[4] int
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IV. Arrays (cont.)

of arrays".
 Example: int arr[3][2][3];
int[2][3] int[2][3] int[2][3]
arr[0] arr[1] arr[2]
int[3] int[3] int[3] int[3] int[3] int[3]

arr[0][0] arr[0][1] arr[1][0] arr[1][1] arr[2][0] arr[2][1]
arr[2][0][2]
arr[0][1][0]
int
int
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IV. Arrays (cont.)
 Initializing multidimensional arrays

int arr2D[2][3] = { {3, 2, 4}, {8, 2, 5} };
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
cout << arr2D[i][j] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
Output
}
324
arr2D 0 1 2 825
0 3 2 4
1 8 2 5
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IV. Arrays (cont.)
 Example 01: Accessing an out-of-bounds value

int main() {
int arr[3] = { 2, 1, 9 }; Output
cout << arr[4]; 11533456
return 0;
}

….. 2 1 9 ??? …..
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IV. Arrays (cont.)
 Example 02: Initializing multidimensional arrays

int arr2D[3][3] = { {3, 2}, {8} };
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
cout << arr2D[i][j] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
Output
}
320
arr2D 0 1 2 800
0 3 2 0 000
1 8 0 0
2 0 0 0
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IV. Arrays (cont.)
 Example 03: Passing arrays to a function

int sum(int arr[], int size) {
int s = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
s += arr[i];
return s; Output
} size: 3
int main() { sum: 12
int arr[3] = { 2, 4, 6 };
int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
cout << "size: " << size << endl;
cout << "sum: " << sum(arr, size);
return 0;
} 54 Duy Tan University
IV. Arrays (cont.)
 Example 04: Passing multidimensional arrays

int sum(int arr[][3][2], int size) {
int s = 0;
...
return s;
}
int main() {
int arr[3][3][2] = {{{1,2},{3,2},{1,5}},
{{7,2},{8,1}} };
cout << "sum: " << sum(arr, 5);
return 0;
}
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IV. Arrays (cont.)
 Example 05: Accessing an out-of-bounds value

int main() {
int arr[4][2] = {{2,9}, {3,2}, {7,2}};
cout << "arr[0][4]: " << arr[0][4];
return 0; Output
} arr[0][0] arr[0][1] arr[0][4] arr[0][4]: 7
int int int
2
1 9
2 3 2
4 7
5 2
6 0
7 0
8
int[2] int[2] int[2] int[2]
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Contents
I. Functions
IV. Arrays
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Summary
 Function declaration and definition likes C

 Function overloading: functions have a same name
 Arguments have default values, the values will be
assigned for parameters which does not have a
matching argument in function call
 An array in C++ is a collection of elements
 Elements stored at contiguous memory locations
 Elements can be accessed randomly using indices of an
array.
of arrays".
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Problems
1. Write a function to get the largest values in an array

2. Write input(…) and display(…) functions to get
values from the keyboard and display them in to the
screen.
3. Write a function to display all prime numbers in an
array.
4. Write iSort(…) function to sort elements increasing
in an array
5. Write iInsert(…) function to insert an element to a
sorted array.
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03.

 Time: 120 Minutes

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Duy Tan University

 Explain how a function works

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 A function is a set of instructions that can perform a

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Duy Tan University

 Example 02: int x = a, int y = b

int maxTwoNumbers(int x, int y) {

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Duy Tan University

 Using the same function name but different

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Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

Duy Tan University

 An array in C++ is a collection of elements

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 int arr2[4] = {9, 2};

 int arr3[] = {7, 3, 5, 1, 2};

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 Array elements are accessed by using an integer

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 Multidimensional arrays can be described as "arrays

 Multidimensional arrays can be described as "arrays

int[3] int[3] int[3] int[3] int[3] int[3]

 Initializing multidimensional arrays

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 Example 01: Accessing an out-of-bounds value

arr[0] arr[1] arr[2] arr[4]

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 Example 02: Initializing multidimensional arrays

 Example 03: Passing arrays to a function

 Example 04: Passing multidimensional arrays

 Example 05: Accessing an out-of-bounds value

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Duy Tan University

 Function declaration and definition likes C

1. Write a function to get the largest values in an array

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