MEASURE OF

CENTRAL
TENDENCY AND
Mean, Median, Mode

VARIABILITY
Range, Standard Deviation, Variance

STAT111 - Chapter 4
Measures of CENTRAL TENDENCY

01 Arithmetic
Mean
03 Mode

02 Median 04 Measures of Central

Tendency and
Symmetry
Arithmetic Mean
The arithmetic mean is defined as the sum of the
scores divided by the number of scores.
In equation form,
 LET’S PRACTICE
Find the mean of the following set of scores:

a. X: 3, 5, 6, 8, 14

b. X: 20, 22, 28, 30, 37, 38

c. X: 2.2, 2.4, 3.1, 3.1

 PROPERTIES OF THE MEAN

01 02 03
The mean is sensitive to The mean is very sensitive to The sum of deviations
the exact value the extreme scores about the mean equals
zero

04 05
The sum of the squared deviations of Under most circumstances, of the measures used
all the scores about their mean is a for central tendency, the mean is least
minimum. subject to sampling variation.
 The OVERALL
MEAN
To find the mean of several groups of scores, we calculate the mean of all the
scores combined, the OVERALL MEAN
The OVERALL
MEAN
 The OVERALL
MEAN

Say:
 MEAN
Find the overall mean of
LET’S the given set:

PRACTICE!

Say:
THE
MEDIAN
• The second most frequently encountered
measure of central tendency is the median

• defined as the scale value below which 50%

of the scores fall. It is therefore the same
thing as
Let’s Practice! Calculate the median for the following sets of scores

a. 8, 10, 4, 3, 1, 15 Rank order: 1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 15 Mdn =

Rank order: 100, 102, 104,

b. 100, 102, 108, 104, 112 Mdn =
108, 112

Rank order: 1.2, 1.8, 2.0, 2.4,

c. 2.5, 1.8, 1.2, 2.4, 2.0 Mdn =
2.5

Rank order: 10, 11, 12, 14, 14,

d. 10, 11, 14, 14, 16, 14, 12 Mdn =
14, 16
 Properties of the MEDIAN

1 2

The median is less sensitive Under usual circumstances, the

than the mean to extreme median is more subject to
scores. sampling variability than the
mean but less subject to sampling
variability than the mode
 The Mode
the most frequent score in the distribution
 The Mode
the most frequent score in the distribution

Unimodal - a distribution has only one mode (Ex. 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 7, 7, 8, 9)

Bimodal - a distribution has two modes (Ex. 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9
Measures of Central
Tendency and
Symmetry
If the distribution is unimodal and
symmetrical, the mean, median, and mode
will all be
equal.
MEASURES
OF
VARIABILIT
Y
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

01 Range

02 Standard
Deviation
03 Variance
 THE RANGE
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in the distribution. In equation form.

Range = Highest score – Lowest

score
Let’s Practice!
a. 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 Range =

b. 18, 12, 28, 15, 20 Range =

c. 115, 107, 105, 109, 101 Range =

d. 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 2.3 Range =

 The
Standard
Deviation
Before discussing the standard deviation, it
is necessary to introduce the concept of a
deviation score.
 DEVIATION SCORE
Tells how far away the raw score is from the mean of its distribution

In equation form, a deviation score is defined as

𝑥 − 𝑥
deviation score for sample data

𝑥 −𝜇deviation score for population data

standard deviation of a population set o
raw scores—deviation method

sum of squares—population data

standard deviation of a sample set of ra
scores—deviation method

sum of squares—sample data

 THE VARIANCE
a set of scores is just the square of the standard deviation. For sample scores, the
variance equals

variance of a sample
For population scores, the variance equals

variance of a
sample