4.

Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain:

 Spatial Filters: It is occasionally advantageous to reduce the detail or
exaggerate particular features in an image.
 Spatial Frequency: Spatial frequency describes the pattern of digital values
observed across an image.
 Images with little contrast (very bright or very dark) a flat image, in which
every pixel has the same value have zero spatial frequency.
 Images with a gradational change from bright to dark pixel values have low
spatial frequency.
 Images with large contrast (black and white) are said to have high spatial
frequency.
 Images can be altered from a high to low spatial frequency with the use of
convolution methods.
 4. Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain:
 Convolution is a mathematical operation used to change the spatial frequency
of digital data in the image.
 The operation is performed with the use of a spatial kernel.
Spatial frequencies
 Radical variation in gray Scale High frequency image
 "Rough" textured areas of an image, where the changes in tone are abrupt over
a small area, have high spatial frequencies.
 Slowly varying changes in gray scales Low frequency image
 "smooth" areas with little variation in tone over several pixels, have low
spatial frequencies
 4. Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain:

Low
Zero

High
 4. Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain:
• Spatial frequency numbers of changes in the brightness values per unit
distance for any particular part of the image.
Image Composed of
1. High frequency details Brightness values change dramatically over short
distances
2. Low frequency details Few changes in brightness value over a given area

Zero spatial frequency Low spatial frequency High spatial frequency

 4. Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain:
Edge enhancement
• High spatial frequency images emphasize the high frequency features.
Example: Roads, Boundary's etc.
• Superior to original image for displaying linear features or edges. But, high
spatial frequency images do not contain Lower frequency brightness
information contained in original image.
• Edge enhancement should contain both High frequency brightness and low
frequency brightness add back all gray level values or Original image to high
frequency image.
 4. Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain:
. Steps:
1. Produce High frequency component image which contain edge information.
Kernel size used based on roughness of the image. Example: Rough (3 x 3),
Smooth (9 x 9)
2. All, or a fraction of the gray level values of the original scene is added back to
the High frequency component image.
3. Contrast stretch
 4. Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain:
Spatial convolution
Convolution in digital image processing Convolution, a mathematical local
operation is very important in digital image processing.
Step 1. Moving window across the image
Step 2.Weighted sum of pixels inside the window
Step 3. Assign the output pixel value to the output image