Frequency Domain Image

Processing

Dr. Muhammad Hanif

 Image Transformations
• Transformation can be applied to an image to convert it from one
domain to another.
• Viewing an image in different domains enables the identification of
features that may not be easily detected in the spatial domain.
• Common image transforms include:
• Hough Transform, used to find lines in an image
• Discrete Cosine Transform, used in image and video compression
• Discrete Fourier Transform, used in filtering and frequency analysis
• Wavelet Transform, used to perform discrete wavelet analysis.
Frequency Domain
• In frequency domain, we deal with the rate at which the pixel values
are changing in spatial domain.
• Fourier theory states that any signal, can be expressed as a sum of a
series of sinusoids.
• In case of images, they are sinusoidal variations in brightness across
the image.
Main Idea
Main Idea
• Fourier Series: periodic signals are represented by summing up sines
and cosines and multiplied with a certain weight.
Basics :EXTRA
Example
Basics: Convolution vs Correlation (EXTRA)
• Correlation is measurement of the similarity between two
signals/sequences.
• Convolution is measurement of effect of one signal on the other
signal.
• The mathematical calculation of Correlation is same as convolution in
time domain, except that the signal is not reversed, before the
multiplication process.
• If the filter is symmetric then the output of both the expression would
be same.
Basics: Convolution vs Correlation (EXTRA)
Basics: Convolution vs Correlation (EXTRA)
Basics: Convolution vs Correlation (EXTRA)
Spatial vs Frequency domain
Spatial vs Frequency domain
• Spatial Domain:
Spatial vs Frequency domain
• Frequency Domain
Frequency domain
• In the frequency or Fourier domain, the value and location are
represented by sinusoidal relationships that depend upon the
frequency of a pixel occurring within an image.
Frequency Components
•t
Frequency Domain
• The Fourier Transform is used if we want to access the geometric
characteristics of a spatial domain image.
• Image in the Fourier domain is decomposed into its sinusoidal
components.
• It is easy to examine or process certain frequencies of the image, thus
influencing the geometric structure in the spatial domain
Frequency Domain
• A signal can be converted from spatial domain to frequency domain
using mathematical operators.
Frequency Domain
Frequency Domain (EXTRA)
Frequency Domain
• The reason for doing the filtering in the frequency domain is generally
because it is computationally faster to perform 2D Fourier transforms
and a filter multiply than to perform a convolution in the image
(spatial) domain.
• This is particularly so as the filter size increases.
Fourier Transform (EXTRA)
2D Fourier Transform (EXTRA)
Inverse Fourier Transform (EXTRA)
Properties (EXTRA)
2D Sinusoidal (EXTRA)
Discrete Fourier Transform
Fast Fourier Transform (EXTRA)
Fast Fourier Transform (EXTRA)
Main Properties
• The value of the DFT in the origin is the mean value of the function
f(x,y)

• If f is real its DFT is conjugate symmetric

• The Fourier spectrum is symmetric

2D Fourier Transform
2D Fourier Transform
Spatial vs Frequency Resolution
2D DFT using ID DFT
2D DFT using ID DFT
Periodicity of 1D DFT (EXTRA)
Periodicity of 1D DFT (EXTRA)
Periodicity of 1D DFT (EXTRA)
Periodicity of 2D DFT
Conventional 2D DFT
Filtering in Frequency Domain
• In most implementations the Fourier image is shifted in such a way
that the DC-value (i.e. the image mean) F(0,0) is displayed in the
center of the image.
• The further away from the center an image point is, the higher is its
corresponding frequency.
Image in Frequency Domain
• Spatial to Frequency:
Image in Frequency Domain
• Example:
Image in Frequency Domain
• How it works
Image in Frequency Domain
• Spatial to Frequency
Image in Frequency Domain
• Example:
Image in Frequency Domain
• Example
Image in Frequency Domainv
• Relation of spatial domain image and DFT
Image in Frequency Domain
• Image Example: