EXP 3

Structure and properties of

alcohols

Done by Ms: Moza ALrisi

 Objective

1 To construct ball and stick models of three classes

of alcohols.

2 To study physical and chemical properties of

alcohols.
 Alcohol

• Alcohol is organic compound that contain hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an

alkyl group (R)

• The general formula is CnH2n+1OH

• (Hydroxyl group ) is a functional group

 Nomenclature
 Common names: “alkyl alcohol”
 IUPAC: longest continuous carbon chain containing alkane:
replace -e by – ol
 Example:

Common name : Ethyl alcohol

IUPAC : Ethanol
 Example

01 02 03

Methanol 2-Butanol 1-Octanol

Methyl alcohol Butyl alcohol Octyl alcohol
Butan-2-ol Octan-1-ol
Classification Of Alcohols
According to the number of alkyl groups attached
to the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group

Primary (1°) alcohols

Secondary (2°) alcohols

Tertiary (3°) alcohols

 Classification Of Alcohols

Primary (1°) Secondary (2°) Tertiary (3°)

alcohols alcohols alcohols
 Physical Chemical
Properties of alcohol

Solubility Boiling Point The Lucas Test Chromic Acid Test

Acetone
Chemical oxidation

Water
Physicals Properties
Of Alcohol
 Solubility of Alcohols in Water

Alcohols are soluble in water due to the

hydroxyl group which is able to form
hydrogen bonds with water molecules

Alcohols with a smaller hydrocarbon

chain are very soluble in water (less than 4
C).

As the nonpolar part (alkyl group) become

larger, solubility will decrease
 Solubility of Alcohols in acetone

Acetone is organic solvent

Will Alcohols be Soluble in Acetone??

Solubility of Alcohols in acetone
Boiling Point of alcohol
Boiling point of Alcohols is higher than
other hydrocarbons which having equal
molecular masses.
Chemical Properties
Of Alcohol
 Chemical Test

Chromic acid Test

Lucas Test
 Chromic acid Test
Chromic acid

Orange color 1 Primary alcohol

Used Chromic acid oxidation primary alcohol

Reagent used for 2 Secondry alcohol

oxidation reaction Chromic acid oxidation secondary alcohol
It is :
3 Tertiary alcohol
a mixture of
Potassium No Oxidation
dichromate and
Sulfuric acid (K2Cr2O7-
H2SO4 )
Chemical Oxidation
 Carboxylic
Aldehyde
Acid

Ketone
Color Change No Color Change

Green or Orange
blue -green

No Oxidation
Oxidation
 Lucas Test
Lucas test

colorless 1 Primary alcohol

Used
*To differentiate between the
three classes of alcohols
*Only work for alcohols with
less than 6 (C) atoms
No reaction with primary alcohol
2 Secondry alcohol
cloudy second layer (5-10 minutes) slow reaction
3 Tertiary alcohol
cloudy second layer immediately fast reaction

It is :

a mixture of HCl and ZnCl2.

 Alcohol type
Compound tested Solubility in water Solubility in Acetone The Chromic Acid test
(1o, 2o, 3o)

Methanol

Ethanol
Result Sheet

2- Propanol ____

1-Butanol ____ _____

1-Hexanol

1-Octanol ____

tert-Butanol _____ _____

(expected result)
Safety