Section 2: Alcohols, ethers and amines

Note: oxygen and nitrogen are two of the

1 - Alcohols most common atoms in organic

functional groups.

"Organic compounds resulting from the replacement of a hydrogen atom of

hydrocarbon with a hydroxyl group"
H H
-H
H C H H C OH
+ OH
H H
OH

Functional group: - OH (hydroxyl): a functional group consisting of oxygen - hydrogen, which is

covalently bonded to carbon atom.
General formula: R - OH (R: carbon chain or cycle bonded with the functional group)

An example of the production of alcohol in nature: ethanol and CO2 are produced by yeast when
fermenting sugars like in grapes, and CO2 is also produced by fermenting bread
dough.

Ethanol C2H5OH: 1 - inserted into medicinal products.

2 - Cleanse the skin before giving the injection.
3 - Added to gasoline to increase its effectiveness.
4 - A raw material for preparing more complex organic compounds.

Naming of alcohols: (Alcohols are named depending on the corresponding alkanes as in alkyl halides)
1 - Determine the longest parent carbon chain containing the (- OH) group (hydroxyl) and add the (- ol)
suffix to the end of the alkane.
2 - When repeating the number of -OH groups, add di due to the presence of 2OH, tri to the presence of
3OH.
3- Number the carbon atoms closest to the -OH group
4- Enter position numbers for -OH immediately before the alcohol (mother's) name
5- Put dashes and commas and observe what is necessary in the past
6 - When alcohols consist of 3 or more carbon atoms, the location of the hydroxyl group should be
indicated with a number.

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 13 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar

Q: In general: Why is the series of carbon atoms numbered when naming organic compounds?
Name the following alcohols:
CH3 - CH2 - OH CH3-OH

‫ – بروبانول‬1
OH CH3 CH2 CH2 OH

CH3 CH2 CH CH3

OH

CH3 C CH2 CH3 OH

CH3 CH CH3
OH
‫ – بروبانول‬2
‫ بيوتانديول‬-2،2
OH
CH2 CH CH2
Cyclohexanol: (the numbering here is not important as
OH OH OH all carbon atoms in the ring are Symmetric)
1,2,3-Propantriol 1 - toxic compound
(Glycerol) 2 - Solvent for many plastic materials
1,2,3-Trihydroxyl Propane 3 - It is used in the manufacture of pesticides
1 - Anti-freeze in aircraft
CH3-CHOH-CH2-CH3 CH3- OH
2-Butanol Methanol (the simplest alcohol)
1 - Dye and varnish industry 1 - a common solvent (paint remover)

CH3- CHOH – CH2-OH CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHOH-CH3

Q: Draw condensed formula for each of the following:

1,2,3- butantriol 2,3- Pentadiol

1- Pentanol 2,3- Pentandiol

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 14 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar

 1,2,3- propantriol 1- Butanol

1,2,4- hexantriol Ethanol

Hydrogen bond concept:

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 15 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar

Alcohol properties

Note with the explanation:

ethanol propane
Molecular wt. 46 g/mol 46 g/mol
Boiling point 78.30 - 42.10 C

Explain: alcohols dissolves in water: due to the hydrogen bonds between alcohols and water.

Explain: boiling point of alcohols is higher than the boiling point of the equivalent molar mass
hydrocarbons (similar in shape and size). The alcohol molecules are bonded together by a
hydrogen bond that raises the boiling point, while the hydrocarbon molecules bonded together
by weak London dispersion forces.

Explain: boiling point of water is higher than ethanol, water contains two hydrogen atoms
bonded to an oxygen atom, while methanol contains one hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen
atom, so the water molecules are bonded by more hydrogen bonds, which raises the boiling point
of water than methanol.

Q: How can alcohol be separated from water? By distillation process

Explain: Although the distillation process used to separate alcohol from water, about 5% of
the water remains in the ethanol and water mixture after the end of this process or It is
difficult to separate alcohol and water by 100%: due to the hydrogen bonds between them
and water.

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 16 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar

Explain: The reason for the high boiling point of alcohols by increasing the number of hydroxyl groups in
their molecules as the number of hydroxyl groups in alcohol increases, the number of hydrogen bonds between
the molecules of this alcohol increases, which requires more additional energy to separate them, so the boiling
point increases.)

Explain The boiling point of alcohol containing 3 groups - OH is higher than alcohol containing 2OH

Explain: Alcohols are good solvents for other polar organic compounds because they are a
polar molecule because they contain a polar OH group, and likes dissolves likes.

Explain: The hydroxyl group in ethanol is of medium polarity as in water molecules: because
the angle of the covalent bond of oxygen in ethanol is almost equal to the angle of the
covalent bond of oxygen in water, and thus the hydroxyl of alcohol can have hydrogen
bonds with another hydroxyl alcohol.

Q: Complete the table and conclude general rule:

Alcohol Boiling point
Ethanol 78.30C

1,2-ethandiol 197.30C

1,2,3-propantriol 2580C -2600C

Generalization or base: :

Q: Arrange the following in ascending order (ethanol /1,2,3-propantriol/1 -2-ethanol)) according to:
1 - Boiling point:
2 - Viscosity:

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 17 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar

Discussion :
Alcohol g / 100 H2O soluibility
methanol Completely soluble

1-butanol 7.4

1-pentanol 2.7

1-octanol 0.06

Generalization or base: the size of molecule the solubility

Q: arrange the previous alcohols in ascending order according to their solubility.

Low soluble : .......... →.........→ ......... →.......... high soluble

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 18 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar